Associative property of matrix multiplication Video Lecture - Engineering Mathematics

Voiceover:What I want to do in this video,
is show that matrix
multiplication is associative.
At least I'll show it for 2 by 2 matrices.
And what I do in this
video you can extend it to
really any dimension of matrices for which
of the matrix multiplication
is actually defined.
So let's look at 3
matrices, so let's say this
first matrix is A, B, C,
and D and this second matrix
is E, F, G, H and then
finally this third matrix
is I, J, and that's not the
imaginary unit I, just letter I,
and this isn't E, this
is just the letter E.
J, K and L, and I want
to look at 2 scenarios.
So let me actually just
copy and paste this,
So copy and paste.
So I want to look at this
scenario where first,
I multiply the orange
and the yellow matrix.
And I multiply that
times the purple matrix
And then another scenario
where first I multiply
the yellow and the
purple and multiply that
times the orange and if
these two products based on
how I, which ones I do
first come out the same then
I've just shown that at least
for three 2 by 2 matrices,
that matrix multiplication is associative.
If we already seen that
it's not commutative,
let's see whether it's associative.
And actually I'll give
you the punchline, it is.
But let's work through
it and I encourage you
to actually pause the video yourself ,
and try to work through
it with these letters
and then see if you got
the result that I just said
that you should be getting.
Alright, so let's
multiply these first two.
So this product, I'm gonna
make it a little bit big.
So it's going to be AE + BG, then AF + BH,
and then it's going to be CE + DG,
and then finally it's gonna be CF + DH.
And we're going to multiply
it times the matrix
the matrix, I, J, K, and L
and what does this give us?
And I'll just give us some
space to do this with.
So this will give us, let
me give myself an ample
amount of space, so it's
going to be this stuff,
times I, so we could write this as I,
actually let me just distribute the I.
IAE + IBG + this stuff
times K, + KAF + KBH.
I'm already gonna run out of space here,
so let me clear this,
let me just keep going.
And then we're gonna
multiply this, essentially,
we're going to consider
this row and this column.
First row, second column
and so you are going
to have JAE + JBG + LAF + LBH so,
these matrices are bigger
than I expected they would be.
And then you're going to
have over here you're going
to have this times this
plus this times this.
So ICE + IDG + KCF + KDH and then finally,
this times this plus this plus this,
or this times that plus this times that.
So JCE + JDG + LCF + LDH, alright.
Now see if we can power
through this one over here.
So what is this product going to be?
This product if I multiply
by these two first.
It's going to be EI +
FK + EJ, no not plus,
this is the next entry, EJ + FL,
Then we have GI + HK and
then finally we have GJ + HL.
Then it's all going to
be multiplied times ABCD.
A, B, C, and D, and I'm going
to need some real estate
to do this, so let me do it
down here, I'll do it in green.
So let me do a little arrow to
show, or actually I can just
scroll over a little bit, that
actually might work out better.
So what am I going to
get, so A times this,
plus B times this, so
AEI + AFK + BGI + BHK,
then you're going to have
this row and this column,
So it's AEJ + AFL + BGJ +
BHL, close the brackets,
now you're going to have C
times this plus D times this.
So CEI + CFK + DGI + DHK and then finally,
home stretch, C times
that plus D times this.
So CEJ + CFL, and then
you're going to have,
+ DGJ + DHL, now are these
two things equivalent?
Well let's look at entry by entry.
So, IAE, this is equivalent to AEI.
Because we know scalar
multiplication is commutative,
Now IBJ or IBG, you see it
there and you see it there,
KAF, you see it there and
this is the same thing as AFK.
And then KBH, this is
the same thing as BHK.
And you can go entry by entry, actually,
let's just do that, I'll do
that really fast, so let's do,
so ICE is the same thing as CEI.
IDG is the same thing as DGI.
KCF is the same thing as CFK,
KDH is the same thing as DHK,
and we go to the second columns,
JAE, AEJ, JBG is the same thing as BGJ
LAF is the same thing as AFL,
And LBH is the same thing as BHL
and then finally JCE is
the same thing as CEJ
JDG is the same thing as DGJ,
LEF, LEF, or is that LCF?
Let's see, LDH is this right over here,
And so this one must be an
LCF is the same thing as CFL.
Is this one right over here
an LCF, let me make sure,
Cause that would throw
a major monkey wrench
into the whole operation, so
this entry right over here,
is going to be, we get
that from multiplying
the second row times the second column
and we're going to get, we get JCE + JDG
and then we have LCF,
yeah that's LCF + LDH,
and so [you will] see
that these two quantities
are the same it doesn't
matter if I multiply
the first two first and
then multiply by the third.
Or multiply the second and
third and then multiply
by the first, now once again,
this is the associative
property, I'm keeping them
essentially in the same order.
Order matters, but as we
see, we can associate these.
We can do the first two first
or we can do the second two first.