Streamline Flow | Physics for EmSAT Achieve PDF Download

Introduction

You might have seen streams come in different size, shape, etc. Moreover, they are also different from each other in speed and the flow direction. This topic will help you to understand one of a primary way of flow.
An important factor that influences the flow of water within streams is the location or source of the stream. Different sources include rainfall, the ground below the stream or even melting snow. The source location of the stream has the potential to influence the speed of the water as well as the manner of flow within the stream.
Another important factor influencing the flow within the stream is the object that is physically present in the stream. The direction and speed of the flowing water are dependent on the object found in the stream. The major characteristic of the streamflow of a liquid is velocity. Therefore, on the basis of the above characteristics water can either be streamline/laminar flow or turbulent flow.

Definition of Streamline Flow

Streamline flow in case of fluids is referred to as the type of flow where the fluids flow in separate layers without mixing or disruption occurring in between the layers at a particular point. The velocity of each fluid particle flowing will remain constant with time in streamline flow.
In case of low fluid velocities, the fluid will flow without any sort of lateral mixing because of lack of turbulent velocity fluctuations. The fluid particles tend to follow a particular order where the movement or motion of fluid particles will be on the basis of particles flowing in a straight line parallel to the pipe wall. The movement happens in a way that the adjacent layers of the fluid will smoothly slide past each other.

Examples of Streamline and Turbulent Flows

Notice water flowing from a tap at a different flow rate. You will observe that when the flow rate is low the water flowing from the tap will run smoothly and the water will have a smooth texture. However, if you gradually keep on increasing the flow rate you will begin to see the disturbances and voids after a particular point of increasing the flow rate.
Now, in both cases, the introduction of ink will give different results. When you will introduce a stream of ink in the first case where water is flowing smoothly, the ink will not mix with other layers. However, if we introduce the ink in case of turbulent flow, the ink will mix with other layers of water. The first type of condition is a streamline flow.

Fluid Dynamics

We have mostly studied about fluids at rest but streamline flow is an example of fluids in motion. It is an important part of fluid dynamics (the study of fluids in motion). We have learned how opening a water tap slowly is responsible for the smooth flowing of water. But the smoothness is lost as we gradually keep on increasing the outflow speed.
Here we will focus on what will happen to the various fluid particles at a certain point in space at a particular time.

Steady Flow

The flow is steady when the velocity of every particle within the fluid is constant in time. However, this statement does not mean that the velocity of fluid particles will not vary at a different point in space. The velocity of a fluid particle can change as the fluid moves from one particular point to the other.
This means that at a different point the particle can have a different velocity. Steady flow signifies that each particle passing through the second point will behave the same as the previous fluid particle that has initially crossed that point. Therefore, under steady flow condition, the fluid particles will follow a smooth path that will not cross each other.
Hence, streamline is the path taken by fluid particles under the steady flow condition. In case of a streamline flow, the tangent drawn at any point of the curve (path) will be in direction of the velocity of the fluid at that point.
Below diagram represents a curve with tangents at different points. It describes how the particles present within a fluid moves with respect to time.

The diagram act as a permanent map to describe how the fluid flows during streamlines condition. Thus, no two streamlines can intermix or cross each other. Under steady flow, the map of the movement of fluid is stationary with respect to time. Hence, the continuum of lines will form if we try to describe the streamline flow of every particle.

Derivation of Streamline Flow

Consider three parts (P, R, and Q) in planes that are present in the perpendicular direction to the fluid. Refer to the diagram below

We will be able to determine the boundaries the selected points in the plane by the same set of the streamlines. Hence, the particles of fluid passing through the surfaces at the three-point P, R and Q will be the same. Now consider the area at the three points as A_P, A_R, and A_Q. Consider the speed of the fluid particles as v_P, v_R, and v_q. 
Now, we will calculate the mass of fluids. The mass of the fluid m_P crossing at the area A_P at a small time interval t will be “ρ_P A_P v_P t”. Similarly, the mass of fluid m_R and m_Q will be “ρ_RA_R v_R t” and “ρ_Q A_Q v_Q t” passing at A_P and AQ respectively at a small interval of time Ät. 
In all the three cases, the mass of liquid flowing in and flowing will be equal. Therefore, we can write the equation as 
ρ_P A_P v_P t = ρ_RA_R v_R t= ρ_Q A_Q v_Q t 
If we consider the fluids as incompressible in nature then “ρ_P = ρ_R = ρ_Q“ will be equal. So the above equation can be rewritten as 
A_P v_P = A_R v_R = A_Q v_Q (after elimination of ρ) 
The above equation is the equation of continuity. The equation also represents conservation of mass in case of the flow of the incompressible liquids. 

General Equation of Continuity

Av = Constant
where Av is the flow rate of the liquid or volume flux of the liquid. The flow rate in case of streamline flow remains constant throughout the flow of liquid through the pipe. Hence, the streamlines in narrower regions are present closely thereby resulting in the increase of velocity and vice versa.
From the above diagram, the area of R will be greater than Q. Thus velocity in the R will be less than Q. Thus, the fluid will increase in velocity while crossing from R to Q. Therefore, it is easy to acquire steady flow at low fluid flow speed. However, after reaching a particular speed, the flow will lose its steadiness and gradually tend to become turbulent.
This speed is called critical speed. The classic example of streamline flow to turbulent flow is the formation of white-water rapids when a fast-moving stream comes in contact with rocks.

Solved Examples

Question: Mention the correct direction of streamline and equipotential line in a flow field
(a) Identical to each other
(b) Parallel to each other
(c) Perpendicular to each other
(d) Intersect each other at acute angles
Ans: (c)