Towards Independence And Partition Video Lecture | History for Class 8

students now let us begin with next part
of the national movement as we have
studied in the last lesson Mahatma
Gandhi returned to India from South
Africa in 1915 Gandhiji was already
popular by then for his nonviolent
marches against racism as an
internationally respected leader the
campaign's led by Gandhiji in South
Africa helped him get in contact with
various people the Hindus Muslims
Christians posses besides people of
various regions like Gujaratis tunnels
and upper-class merchants lawyers
workers and so on students now let us
see how Gandhiji contributed to the
national struggle the first year mahatma
gandhi toured around the country to know
the people their needs and the entire
situation that prevailed in the country
the initial campaigns of Mothma gandhi
included support to the local movements
like Champaran and Kheda Gandhiji
extended his support to the local
peasants in their struggles against high
taxes and unfair practice
in the year 1918 Gandhiji led a strike
of mill workers in Amitabha the
Association in the two local movements
helped Gandhiji to get in touch with
many leaders including rajendra prasad
and vallabhbhai patel who went to be his
lifelong associates well now let us
learn about the various movements that
took place in the country between 1919
and 1922
it is important for us to know that
Mahatma Gandhi did not associate himself
with any group of the Congress Mahatma
Gandhi carved a niche for himself in the
national politics in 1917 mark McGann
they launched the Champaran campaign the
Qaeda protest movement in 1918 and led
the EM of the Baath textile workers
agitation in 1980 as a result of these
agitations Gandhiji rose to fame as a
popular leader and important political
activist
Gandhiji called for a satyagraha in 1919
to protest against the wall at an that
was passed by the British government
according to the rollers Act the freedom
of expression of the people was
restricted and police powers were
strengthened the police could arrest and
imprison any person without trial who
was suspected to be a terrorist in case
there is a trial it was supposed to be a
secret trial in which person in trial
could not know the evidence against him
or her leaders like Mahatma Gandhi
Muhammad Ali Jinnah and many others
strongly believed that the government
had no right to curb the basic freedoms
of the people
the act was termed to be devilish and
tyranny
Gandhiji gave a call to the people of
the nation to observe April 6th 1919 as
a day of nonviolent opposition to the
vowel attack he asked them to observe
the day with humiliation and prayer and
Herta sat aggressive Oz were arranged to
launch the protest students the rowlocks
at agree hence became the first whole
India struggle against the British rule
even though it was restricted to the
cities the year 1919 saw many
demonstrations and her thoughts across
the country while the government used
harsh measures to curb them the Jolyon
wall above is a classic example of the
harsh measures of the British on April
13th 1919 general Dyer issued orders for
firing on a meeting of unarmed people at
the Jolyon wala bog in Amritsar Punjab
around 400 people were killed and
thousands of people were injured in this
massacre the wind anoxic or the great
point pronounced his knighthood as a
mark of protest against the Jolyon wall
above Massacre one important aspect
during the role at SATA grave was the
unit of Hindus and Muslims Mahatma
Gandhi also called for unity among the
people in India where Hindus and Muslims
and people of other religions lived
together
moreover Mahatma Gandhi was in favor of
the support of Hindus and Muslims for
each in any fight of Rights
a tough treaty was imposed on the
Turkish sultan or khalifa in the year
1920 by the british this step of the
british received the same kind of fierce
response as the Jallianwala Bagh in
addition the Muslims in India was strong
about the Khalifa attaining the control
over Muslims
sacred places in the den Ottoman Empire
in such a scenario Muhammad Ali and
Jacques Attali the leaders of the
halawet movement came out with a
complete non-cooperation movement this
move was supported by Gandhiji while he
also pressed the Congress on campaigning
against the Punjab wrongs or the Jolyon
wala Bagh Massacre supporting the
Khilafat movement and demand Swaraj or
independence in the year 1920 in the
Nagpur Congress session Gandhiji was
acknowledged the leader of Congress
students it was in this session that the
main aim of the Congress was decided to
be the achievement of Sir Roger or
independence through peaceful means
another important aspect is that
non-cooperation was adopted as the means
to achieve the end of sahaja it was
between 1921 and 1922 that the
non-cooperation movement gained pace
many students left government schools
and colleges
Moulton Alero CR das C rajagopalachari
and Asif Ali was some of the lawyers who
give up their practices the people
surrendered their British titles and
boycotted legislators across the country
as we have studied the foreign cloth was
also boycotted and burnt in public
places as a result the imports of
foreign cloth came down greatly at the
same time
Gandhiji gave a call to the people to
spin their own cotton on the charcoal
the kadhi cloth was spun in many homes
across the country which facilitated for
the country to get self-reliant students
this was just one part of the story in
many parts of the country devolves
against British were on the verge let us
see the case of Andhra during that
period at that time the district of gun
tooth occupied the center stage for
nationalist activities students
merchants and peasants from villages
also took active part in the nationalist
activities the Chiara
Pirela movement is one of the important
milestones of the national movement in
Andhra which you have studied in your
earlier classes let us now have a quick
look at the chiral apparel amoment
the government made a decision to merge
the villages of Kerala and per Allah and
convert them into a municipality and
imposed high taxes
dr. Anna Gopala Krishna led a campaign
of around 15,000 people from Jeolla to
revolt against the payment of taxes the
people vacated their houses and made a
new settlement called ROM mother where
they stayed for 11 months this resulted
in non-payment of the revenues along
with resignation of many village
officers the slogans of Gandhiji's Suraj
is coming and we will not pay taxes to
this government did the rounds in the
villages another significant development
in Andhra was the forest such a gray in
the pollen a tea taluka of Kanto
district and in Rio de toluca of karapa
district in these areas the peas incent
the cattle into forests for grazing
without paying grazing fees to the
forest departments there were attacks on
police parties after the Declaration of
Gandhi lodge by people in many villages
of Palnadu the people began to believe
that the end of the colonial rule was
very close and that the forest would be
back under the control the functioning
of the forest administration literally
came to a halt specially during the
agitation period well what do you
understand from this the people believe
that Gandhiji vole their Saviour from
the poverty and the misery Gandhiji
tried to bring in a society with a unity
of the classes he was against the
conflict of classes but then the people
thought Gandhiji would help them to
fight against them in das while the
agricultural believe he would help them
to get their lands another interesting
aspect is that sometimes the masses gave
credits to Gandhiji for the own
achievements for example the peasants of
Pratap Garh in the United province
now with the pradesh averted the forcing
out of tents while they felt it was
Gandhiji who worn it for them sometimes
the tribals and peasants use the name of
Gandhiji to execute certain actions that
were against the Gandhian ideology
students now let us look at the
important happenings that took place
between 1922 and 1929
as we know Gandhiji was against violence
the non-cooperation movement was called
off by Gandhiji in February 1922 in the
wake of the peasants setting fire to the
Chauri Chaura police station when the
police opened fire on a peaceful protest
the people of Chauri Chaura were
disturbed as a result they set fire to
the Chauri Chaura police station that
killed 22 policemen when the
non-cooperation movement came to an end
the followers of Gandhiji pressed on the
Congress adopting developmental work in
the rural areas on the other hand CR das
moti Lal Nehru and other leaders
believed that the Congress should
contest elections and earn an entry to
the councils to influence the government
policies the Guardians carried out
social work in the villages which helped
in the introduction of civil
disobedience movement in the year 1930
in India the establishment of the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh RSS a Hindu
organisation and the Communist Party of
India were the two significant
developments of the mid 1920s
in addition Bhagat Singh the
revolutionary leader also actively
participated in the national struggle
during this period here's an excise for
all of you find out about the ideas of
each of these two organizations the RSS
and CPI students now let us learn about
civil disobedience movement
the Lahore session of the Congress took
place in the year 1929 under the
president ship of Jawaharlal Nehru this
session has been significant in the
history of India for the resolution of
attainment of poorness Viraj or complete
independence the aim was proposed to be
achieved through civil disobedience
movement the leftists in the Congress
took the lead for the movement and
chopped out a national goal and a
program in the wake of these
developments the Congress Working
Committee made a decision to observe
26th January from then on as a day of
porn Siraj on March 12th 1930
Gandhiji called for the Dandi March at
the suburb of the ashram in amithaba
through the March Gandhiji decided to
protest against the British salt laws he
planned to take up a march to dundee a
small village on the coast of gujarat
and manufacture salt there Gandhiji
along with 78 followers marched for 375
from Sabarmati ashram to Dundee which
took around 24 days the newspapers
published news about the March the
speeches during the March and the
influence on the people many village
officials and rude Gandhi resigned their
jobs on 6th April 1930 Gandhiji bleached
Gandhi he picked up a handful of salt
and broke the salt as a sign of protest
of Indians to live under the rule of
British and British laws the news of the
March spread instantly to the other
places in the country the people were
influenced immensely there were protests
against the soil laws in various places
the women also actively participated in
the civil disobedience movement around
1600 women were imprisoned in Delhi
along with salt SATA grey the civil
disobedience movement also included
picketing of foreign cloth and liquor
shops these shops were burnt by people
students during this time the hand
spinning on the charka was a part of the
movement
the British run schools colleges and
services were boycotted and several
people joined the movement the
government subjugated the crowds
mercilessly took to Lahti charges and
firing on the crowds around 90,000 SATA
giri's along with Gandhiji and other
Congress leaders were jailed around 110
people were killed and over 300 were
wounded in the firing there were
restrictions imposed by the government
on the press students the British tried
to divide the people of India by
persuading the Muslims zamindars and
other minorities in their support
however the leaders took to
developmental program across the country
where they work cutter and strived for
removal of untouchability in the
society to bring social unity another
interesting aspect is that the women
influenced by the call of Gandhiji from
the polder and took active part in the
struggle these protest struggles and
movements by the Indian people resulted
in the Government of India act of 1935
the Government of India act 1935 called
for provincial autonomy and elections
were announced to the provincial
legislatures in the year 1937
governments were formed by Congress in
seven provinces out of eleven in
September 1939 two years after the
Congress rule the Second World War began
after careful evaluation of Hitler the
Congress leaders decided to support the
British students the Congress leaders
wanted independence for India from the
British in return to their support in
the World War two but the British did
not pay any heed to this demand although
the Congress ministers resigned as a
mark of protest students now let us
learn about the quit India movement
the British ways to utilize the sources
of India that is the people and the
money for World War two as we have seen
earlier the Congress wanted British to
grant independence in return for the
support the British government however
was not interested in accepting this
demand on August 8 1942 the Working
Committee of the Congress met at Bombay
and passed a resolution that stressed on
the immediate end of British rule in
India this was the quit India resolution
that was passed after which Gandhiji
addressed the Indians every one of you
should from this moment onwards consider
yourself a free man or woman and act as
if you are free I am NOT going to be
satisfied with anything short of
complete freedom we shall do or die we
shall either free India or die in the
attempt this was how Gandhiji motivated
the people of India and gave the slogan
of do or die on August 9th 1942 most of
the Congress leaders like Gandhiji
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Jawahar Lal
Nehru
Zann Acharya Kriplani Rajendra Prasad
and others were arrested by the
government there were protests and
hurtles across the country that made the
movement of violent one while the
working class boycotted work from
factories the students attacked police
stations post offices realizations and
public places the telephone and
telegraph line were cut off by the
protesters government buildings vehicles
railway carriages and military vehicles
were burnt around ten lakh pounds worth
of property was destroyed in the moment
around 30 policemen and ten army men
lost their lives while many hundreds of
people were killed and thousands were
arrested as a part of the government's
oppression the cities of Madras and
Bombay were the most affected as a
result of the protests the authority of
the British disappeared in areas of
Uttar Pradesh Bihar Odisha West Bengal
Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
a parallel government was set up in bid
Nepal during 1942 to 44
as all this was happening in the year
1940 the Muslim League moved a
resolution that demanding independent
states for Muslims in the north western
and eastern areas in the country there
was no mention of partition or åkesson
in the resolution students why do you
think the league demanded a separate
arrangement for the Muslims in the
subcontinent the league tried to get a
separate state for the Muslims from the
Hindus from the late 1930s the history
of struggles between some of the Hindu
and the Muslim groups is seen as one of
the causes of a separate state in
addition the provincial elections of
1937 pointed to the league that the
Muslims were a minority in the country
and that they would continue to have the
same status in any Democratic structure
there was a fear in the league that the
Muslims may not be represented in
addition the refusal of the league's
idea of formation of join Congress
league government in the United
Provinces in 1937 became another issue
of concern for the league another
important aspect is that during the
1930s the Congress failed to mobilize
the Muslims the League X acted upon the
situation and expanded its social
support in the 1940s the league tried to
widen its support at a time when most of
the Congress leaders were imprisoned and
the end of the Second World War in 1945
the British called for a dialogue
between the Congress the league and
themselves to declare independence of
India students the negotiations between
them failed due to the league's
dominating attitude as the only
spokesperson of the Muslims of India but
students the Congress did not accept the
league's DC
as a large group of Muslims still
extended the support to it in the year
1946 the elections to the provinces took
place
although the Congress earned success in
the general constituencies the league
bad huge success in the Muslims reserved
seats at the same time the demand for
Pakistan remained in March of 1946 a
mission was sent by the British Cabinet
which consisted of Stafford Cripps
Pethick Lawrence and Alexander this
committee came to Delhi to analyze the
demand for Pakistan while it's
suggesting a feasible political
framework for the free India the mission
recommended that India should continue
to be United while constituting itself
as a concentration with some autonomy
for the Muslim majority regions but the
Congress and Muslim League were against
certain recommendations of the committee
as a result of which the partition of
India seemed the only option with the
failure of the recommendations of the
Cabinet mission planned a mass protest
for Pakistan August 16 1946 was decided
to the direct action day there were
riots in Calcutta that went on for many
days which resulted in the deaths of
thousands of people students this
violence spread to Wales faces in the
country gradually Louis Mountbatten the
then Viceroy in 1947 failed to resolve
the differences between the Congress and
the Muslim League
subsequently it was agreed that India
would be split into Hindu dominated
India and Muslim controlled Pakistan
thus India became independent on August
15 1947 while Pakistan became
independent on 14th August 1947
although the partition was complete many
thousands of people were killed while a
number of women underwent many brutal
attacks lakhs of people were forced to
leave their homes as a result of which
they became refugees in unknown lands
this was how the independence of India
not only brought in joy but also a lot
of pain to several people due to the
partition
well student that was all for today's
class hope to see you in the next class
till then bye bye