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Page 1 140/vkjksg ijk/hu jgdj viuk lq[k 'kksd u dg ldrk gS ;g vieku txr esa osQoy i'kq gh lg ldrk gSA (ifFkd) jkeujs'k f=kikBh tUe% lu~~ 1881] dksbjhiqj] f”kyk tkSuiqj (m-iz) izeq[k jpuk,¡% feyu] ifFkd] LoIu ([kaM dkO;) ekulh (iqQVdj dfork laxzg) e`R;q% lu~~ 1962 jke ujs'k f=kikBh Nk;kokn iwoZ dh [kM+h cksyh osQ egRoiw.kZ dfo ekus tkrs gSaA vkjafHkd f'k{kk iwjh djus osQ ckn Lokè;k; ls fganh] vaxzs”kh] ckaXyk vkSj mnwZ dk Kku izkIr fd;kA mUgksaus ml le; osQ dfo;ksa osQ fiz; fo"k; lekt&lqèkkj osQ LFkku ij jksekafVd izse dks dfork dk fo"k; cuk;kA mudh dforkvksa esa ns'kizse vkSj oS;fDrd izse nksuksa ekStwn gSa] ysfdu ns'kizse dks gh fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gSA dfork dkSeqnh (vkB Hkkx) esa mUgksaus fganh] mnwZ] ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh yksdfiz; dforkvksa dk ladyu fd;k gSA blh osQ ,d [kaM esa xzkexhr ladfyr gSa] ftls mUgksaus xk¡o&xk¡o ?kwedj ,d=k fd;k FkkA yksd&lkfgR; osQ laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls fganh esa ;g mudk igyk ekSfyd dk;Z FkkA fganh esa os cky lkfgR; osQ tud ekus tkrs gSaA mUgksaus dbZ o"kks± rd ckuj uked cky if=kdk dk laiknu fd;k] ftlesa ekSfyd ,oa f'k{kkizn dgkfu;k¡] izsjd izlax vkfn izdkf'kr gksrs FksA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus ukVd] miU;kl] vkykspuk] laLej.k vkfn vU; foèkkvksa esa Hkh jpuk,¡ dhaA © NCERT not to be republished Page 2 140/vkjksg ijk/hu jgdj viuk lq[k 'kksd u dg ldrk gS ;g vieku txr esa osQoy i'kq gh lg ldrk gSA (ifFkd) jkeujs'k f=kikBh tUe% lu~~ 1881] dksbjhiqj] f”kyk tkSuiqj (m-iz) izeq[k jpuk,¡% feyu] ifFkd] LoIu ([kaM dkO;) ekulh (iqQVdj dfork laxzg) e`R;q% lu~~ 1962 jke ujs'k f=kikBh Nk;kokn iwoZ dh [kM+h cksyh osQ egRoiw.kZ dfo ekus tkrs gSaA vkjafHkd f'k{kk iwjh djus osQ ckn Lokè;k; ls fganh] vaxzs”kh] ckaXyk vkSj mnwZ dk Kku izkIr fd;kA mUgksaus ml le; osQ dfo;ksa osQ fiz; fo"k; lekt&lqèkkj osQ LFkku ij jksekafVd izse dks dfork dk fo"k; cuk;kA mudh dforkvksa esa ns'kizse vkSj oS;fDrd izse nksuksa ekStwn gSa] ysfdu ns'kizse dks gh fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gSA dfork dkSeqnh (vkB Hkkx) esa mUgksaus fganh] mnwZ] ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh yksdfiz; dforkvksa dk ladyu fd;k gSA blh osQ ,d [kaM esa xzkexhr ladfyr gSa] ftls mUgksaus xk¡o&xk¡o ?kwedj ,d=k fd;k FkkA yksd&lkfgR; osQ laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls fganh esa ;g mudk igyk ekSfyd dk;Z FkkA fganh esa os cky lkfgR; osQ tud ekus tkrs gSaA mUgksaus dbZ o"kks± rd ckuj uked cky if=kdk dk laiknu fd;k] ftlesa ekSfyd ,oa f'k{kkizn dgkfu;k¡] izsjd izlax vkfn izdkf'kr gksrs FksA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus ukVd] miU;kl] vkykspuk] laLej.k vkfn vU; foèkkvksa esa Hkh jpuk,¡ dhaA © NCERT not to be republished ifFkd/141 izLrqr va'k ifFkd 'kh"kZd [kaM dkO; osQ igys lxZ ls fy;k x;k gSA bl nqfu;k osQ nq[kksa ls fojDr dkO; uk;d ifFkd izÑfr osQ lkSan;Z ij eqXèk gksdj ogha cluk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡ fdlh lkèkqtu }kjk lans'k xzg.k djosQ og ns'klsok dk ozr ysrk gSA jktk }kjk mls e`R;qnaM feyrk gS] ijarq mldh dhfrZ lekt esa cuh jgrh gSA lkxj osQ fdukjs [kM+k ifFkd mlosQ lkSan;Z ij eqX/ gSA izo`Qfr osQ bl vn~Hkqr lkSan;Z dks og e/qj euksgj mTToy isze dgkuh dh rjg ikuk pkgrk gSA izo`Qfr osQ izfr ifFkd dk ;g izse mls viuh iRuh osQ izse ls nwj ys tkrk gSA LoPNanrkoknh bl jpuk esa izse] Hkk"kk vkSj dYiuk dk vn~Hkqr la;ksx feyrk gSA jkeujs'k f=kikBh/141 © NCERT not to be republished Page 3 140/vkjksg ijk/hu jgdj viuk lq[k 'kksd u dg ldrk gS ;g vieku txr esa osQoy i'kq gh lg ldrk gSA (ifFkd) jkeujs'k f=kikBh tUe% lu~~ 1881] dksbjhiqj] f”kyk tkSuiqj (m-iz) izeq[k jpuk,¡% feyu] ifFkd] LoIu ([kaM dkO;) ekulh (iqQVdj dfork laxzg) e`R;q% lu~~ 1962 jke ujs'k f=kikBh Nk;kokn iwoZ dh [kM+h cksyh osQ egRoiw.kZ dfo ekus tkrs gSaA vkjafHkd f'k{kk iwjh djus osQ ckn Lokè;k; ls fganh] vaxzs”kh] ckaXyk vkSj mnwZ dk Kku izkIr fd;kA mUgksaus ml le; osQ dfo;ksa osQ fiz; fo"k; lekt&lqèkkj osQ LFkku ij jksekafVd izse dks dfork dk fo"k; cuk;kA mudh dforkvksa esa ns'kizse vkSj oS;fDrd izse nksuksa ekStwn gSa] ysfdu ns'kizse dks gh fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gSA dfork dkSeqnh (vkB Hkkx) esa mUgksaus fganh] mnwZ] ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh yksdfiz; dforkvksa dk ladyu fd;k gSA blh osQ ,d [kaM esa xzkexhr ladfyr gSa] ftls mUgksaus xk¡o&xk¡o ?kwedj ,d=k fd;k FkkA yksd&lkfgR; osQ laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls fganh esa ;g mudk igyk ekSfyd dk;Z FkkA fganh esa os cky lkfgR; osQ tud ekus tkrs gSaA mUgksaus dbZ o"kks± rd ckuj uked cky if=kdk dk laiknu fd;k] ftlesa ekSfyd ,oa f'k{kkizn dgkfu;k¡] izsjd izlax vkfn izdkf'kr gksrs FksA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus ukVd] miU;kl] vkykspuk] laLej.k vkfn vU; foèkkvksa esa Hkh jpuk,¡ dhaA © NCERT not to be republished ifFkd/141 izLrqr va'k ifFkd 'kh"kZd [kaM dkO; osQ igys lxZ ls fy;k x;k gSA bl nqfu;k osQ nq[kksa ls fojDr dkO; uk;d ifFkd izÑfr osQ lkSan;Z ij eqXèk gksdj ogha cluk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡ fdlh lkèkqtu }kjk lans'k xzg.k djosQ og ns'klsok dk ozr ysrk gSA jktk }kjk mls e`R;qnaM feyrk gS] ijarq mldh dhfrZ lekt esa cuh jgrh gSA lkxj osQ fdukjs [kM+k ifFkd mlosQ lkSan;Z ij eqX/ gSA izo`Qfr osQ bl vn~Hkqr lkSan;Z dks og e/qj euksgj mTToy isze dgkuh dh rjg ikuk pkgrk gSA izo`Qfr osQ izfr ifFkd dk ;g izse mls viuh iRuh osQ izse ls nwj ys tkrk gSA LoPNanrkoknh bl jpuk esa izse] Hkk"kk vkSj dYiuk dk vn~Hkqr la;ksx feyrk gSA jkeujs'k f=kikBh/141 © NCERT not to be republished 142/vkjksg ifFkd izfr{k.k uwru os'k cukdj jax&fcjax fujkykA jfo osQ lEeq[k fFkjd jgh gS uHk esa okfjn&ekykA uhps uhy leqnz euksgj mQij uhy xxu gSA ?ku ij cSB] chp esa fcp:¡ ;gh pkgrk eu gSAA jRukdj xtZu djrk gS] ey;kfuy cgrk gSA gjne ;g gkSlyk ân; esa fiz;s! Hkjk jgrk gSA bl fo'kky] foLr`r] efgeke; jRukdj osQ ?kj osQµ dksus&dksus esa ygjksa ij cSB fiQ:¡ th Hkj osQ AA fudy jgk gS tyfuf/&ry ij fnudj&fcac v/wjkA deyk osQ dapu&eafnj dk ekuks dkar o¡QxwjkA ykus dks fut iq.;&Hkwfe ij y{eh dh vlokjhA jRukdj us fufeZr dj nh Lo.kZ&lM+d vfr I;kjhAA fuHkZ;] n`<+] xaHkhj Hkko ls xjt jgk lkxj gSA ygjksa ij ygjksa dk vkuk lqanj] vfr lqanj gSA dgks ;gk¡ ls c<+dj lq[k D;k ik ldrk gS izk.kh\ vuqHko djks ân; ls] gs vuqjkx&Hkjh dY;k.khAA © NCERT not to be republished Page 4 140/vkjksg ijk/hu jgdj viuk lq[k 'kksd u dg ldrk gS ;g vieku txr esa osQoy i'kq gh lg ldrk gSA (ifFkd) jkeujs'k f=kikBh tUe% lu~~ 1881] dksbjhiqj] f”kyk tkSuiqj (m-iz) izeq[k jpuk,¡% feyu] ifFkd] LoIu ([kaM dkO;) ekulh (iqQVdj dfork laxzg) e`R;q% lu~~ 1962 jke ujs'k f=kikBh Nk;kokn iwoZ dh [kM+h cksyh osQ egRoiw.kZ dfo ekus tkrs gSaA vkjafHkd f'k{kk iwjh djus osQ ckn Lokè;k; ls fganh] vaxzs”kh] ckaXyk vkSj mnwZ dk Kku izkIr fd;kA mUgksaus ml le; osQ dfo;ksa osQ fiz; fo"k; lekt&lqèkkj osQ LFkku ij jksekafVd izse dks dfork dk fo"k; cuk;kA mudh dforkvksa esa ns'kizse vkSj oS;fDrd izse nksuksa ekStwn gSa] ysfdu ns'kizse dks gh fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gSA dfork dkSeqnh (vkB Hkkx) esa mUgksaus fganh] mnwZ] ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh yksdfiz; dforkvksa dk ladyu fd;k gSA blh osQ ,d [kaM esa xzkexhr ladfyr gSa] ftls mUgksaus xk¡o&xk¡o ?kwedj ,d=k fd;k FkkA yksd&lkfgR; osQ laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls fganh esa ;g mudk igyk ekSfyd dk;Z FkkA fganh esa os cky lkfgR; osQ tud ekus tkrs gSaA mUgksaus dbZ o"kks± rd ckuj uked cky if=kdk dk laiknu fd;k] ftlesa ekSfyd ,oa f'k{kkizn dgkfu;k¡] izsjd izlax vkfn izdkf'kr gksrs FksA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus ukVd] miU;kl] vkykspuk] laLej.k vkfn vU; foèkkvksa esa Hkh jpuk,¡ dhaA © NCERT not to be republished ifFkd/141 izLrqr va'k ifFkd 'kh"kZd [kaM dkO; osQ igys lxZ ls fy;k x;k gSA bl nqfu;k osQ nq[kksa ls fojDr dkO; uk;d ifFkd izÑfr osQ lkSan;Z ij eqXèk gksdj ogha cluk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡ fdlh lkèkqtu }kjk lans'k xzg.k djosQ og ns'klsok dk ozr ysrk gSA jktk }kjk mls e`R;qnaM feyrk gS] ijarq mldh dhfrZ lekt esa cuh jgrh gSA lkxj osQ fdukjs [kM+k ifFkd mlosQ lkSan;Z ij eqX/ gSA izo`Qfr osQ bl vn~Hkqr lkSan;Z dks og e/qj euksgj mTToy isze dgkuh dh rjg ikuk pkgrk gSA izo`Qfr osQ izfr ifFkd dk ;g izse mls viuh iRuh osQ izse ls nwj ys tkrk gSA LoPNanrkoknh bl jpuk esa izse] Hkk"kk vkSj dYiuk dk vn~Hkqr la;ksx feyrk gSA jkeujs'k f=kikBh/141 © NCERT not to be republished 142/vkjksg ifFkd izfr{k.k uwru os'k cukdj jax&fcjax fujkykA jfo osQ lEeq[k fFkjd jgh gS uHk esa okfjn&ekykA uhps uhy leqnz euksgj mQij uhy xxu gSA ?ku ij cSB] chp esa fcp:¡ ;gh pkgrk eu gSAA jRukdj xtZu djrk gS] ey;kfuy cgrk gSA gjne ;g gkSlyk ân; esa fiz;s! Hkjk jgrk gSA bl fo'kky] foLr`r] efgeke; jRukdj osQ ?kj osQµ dksus&dksus esa ygjksa ij cSB fiQ:¡ th Hkj osQ AA fudy jgk gS tyfuf/&ry ij fnudj&fcac v/wjkA deyk osQ dapu&eafnj dk ekuks dkar o¡QxwjkA ykus dks fut iq.;&Hkwfe ij y{eh dh vlokjhA jRukdj us fufeZr dj nh Lo.kZ&lM+d vfr I;kjhAA fuHkZ;] n`<+] xaHkhj Hkko ls xjt jgk lkxj gSA ygjksa ij ygjksa dk vkuk lqanj] vfr lqanj gSA dgks ;gk¡ ls c<+dj lq[k D;k ik ldrk gS izk.kh\ vuqHko djks ân; ls] gs vuqjkx&Hkjh dY;k.khAA © NCERT not to be republished ifFkd/143 tc xaHkhj re v¼Z&fu'kk esa tx dks <d ysrk gSA varfj{k dh Nr ij rkjksa dks fNVdk nsrk gSA lfLer&onu txr dk Lokeh e`nq xfr ls vkrk gSA rV ij [kM+k xxu&xaxk osQ e/qj xhr xkrk gSAA mlls gh foeqX/ gks uHk esa panz fog¡l nsrk gSA o`{k fofo/ iÙkksa&iq"iksa ls ru dks lt ysrk gSA i{kh g"kZ l¡Hkky u ldrs eqX/ pgd mBrs gSaA iwQy lk¡l ysdj lq[k dh lkuan egd mBrs gSaµ ou] miou] fxfj] lkuq] oaqQt esa es?k cjl iM+rs gSaA esjk vkRe&izy; gksrk gS] u;u uhj >M+rs gSaA i<+ks ygj] rV] r`.k] r#] fxfj] uHk] fdju] tyn ij I;kjhA fy[kh gqbZ ;g e/qj dgkuh fo'o&foeksgugkjhAA dSlh e/qj euksgj mTToy gS ;g izse&dgkuhA th esa gS v{kj cu blosQ cuw¡ fo'o dh ckuhA fLFkj] ifo=k] vkuan&izokfgr] lnk 'kkafr lq[kdj gSA vgk! izse dk jkT; ije lqanj] vfr'k; lqanj gSAA vH;kl dfork osQ lkFk 1- ifFkd dk eu dgk¡ fopjuk pkgrk gS\ 2- lw;kZsn; o.kZu osQ fy, fdl rjg osQ fcacksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS\ © NCERT not to be republished Page 5 140/vkjksg ijk/hu jgdj viuk lq[k 'kksd u dg ldrk gS ;g vieku txr esa osQoy i'kq gh lg ldrk gSA (ifFkd) jkeujs'k f=kikBh tUe% lu~~ 1881] dksbjhiqj] f”kyk tkSuiqj (m-iz) izeq[k jpuk,¡% feyu] ifFkd] LoIu ([kaM dkO;) ekulh (iqQVdj dfork laxzg) e`R;q% lu~~ 1962 jke ujs'k f=kikBh Nk;kokn iwoZ dh [kM+h cksyh osQ egRoiw.kZ dfo ekus tkrs gSaA vkjafHkd f'k{kk iwjh djus osQ ckn Lokè;k; ls fganh] vaxzs”kh] ckaXyk vkSj mnwZ dk Kku izkIr fd;kA mUgksaus ml le; osQ dfo;ksa osQ fiz; fo"k; lekt&lqèkkj osQ LFkku ij jksekafVd izse dks dfork dk fo"k; cuk;kA mudh dforkvksa esa ns'kizse vkSj oS;fDrd izse nksuksa ekStwn gSa] ysfdu ns'kizse dks gh fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gSA dfork dkSeqnh (vkB Hkkx) esa mUgksaus fganh] mnwZ] ckaXyk vkSj laLÑr dh yksdfiz; dforkvksa dk ladyu fd;k gSA blh osQ ,d [kaM esa xzkexhr ladfyr gSa] ftls mUgksaus xk¡o&xk¡o ?kwedj ,d=k fd;k FkkA yksd&lkfgR; osQ laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls fganh esa ;g mudk igyk ekSfyd dk;Z FkkA fganh esa os cky lkfgR; osQ tud ekus tkrs gSaA mUgksaus dbZ o"kks± rd ckuj uked cky if=kdk dk laiknu fd;k] ftlesa ekSfyd ,oa f'k{kkizn dgkfu;k¡] izsjd izlax vkfn izdkf'kr gksrs FksA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus ukVd] miU;kl] vkykspuk] laLej.k vkfn vU; foèkkvksa esa Hkh jpuk,¡ dhaA © NCERT not to be republished ifFkd/141 izLrqr va'k ifFkd 'kh"kZd [kaM dkO; osQ igys lxZ ls fy;k x;k gSA bl nqfu;k osQ nq[kksa ls fojDr dkO; uk;d ifFkd izÑfr osQ lkSan;Z ij eqXèk gksdj ogha cluk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡ fdlh lkèkqtu }kjk lans'k xzg.k djosQ og ns'klsok dk ozr ysrk gSA jktk }kjk mls e`R;qnaM feyrk gS] ijarq mldh dhfrZ lekt esa cuh jgrh gSA lkxj osQ fdukjs [kM+k ifFkd mlosQ lkSan;Z ij eqX/ gSA izo`Qfr osQ bl vn~Hkqr lkSan;Z dks og e/qj euksgj mTToy isze dgkuh dh rjg ikuk pkgrk gSA izo`Qfr osQ izfr ifFkd dk ;g izse mls viuh iRuh osQ izse ls nwj ys tkrk gSA LoPNanrkoknh bl jpuk esa izse] Hkk"kk vkSj dYiuk dk vn~Hkqr la;ksx feyrk gSA jkeujs'k f=kikBh/141 © NCERT not to be republished 142/vkjksg ifFkd izfr{k.k uwru os'k cukdj jax&fcjax fujkykA jfo osQ lEeq[k fFkjd jgh gS uHk esa okfjn&ekykA uhps uhy leqnz euksgj mQij uhy xxu gSA ?ku ij cSB] chp esa fcp:¡ ;gh pkgrk eu gSAA jRukdj xtZu djrk gS] ey;kfuy cgrk gSA gjne ;g gkSlyk ân; esa fiz;s! Hkjk jgrk gSA bl fo'kky] foLr`r] efgeke; jRukdj osQ ?kj osQµ dksus&dksus esa ygjksa ij cSB fiQ:¡ th Hkj osQ AA fudy jgk gS tyfuf/&ry ij fnudj&fcac v/wjkA deyk osQ dapu&eafnj dk ekuks dkar o¡QxwjkA ykus dks fut iq.;&Hkwfe ij y{eh dh vlokjhA jRukdj us fufeZr dj nh Lo.kZ&lM+d vfr I;kjhAA fuHkZ;] n`<+] xaHkhj Hkko ls xjt jgk lkxj gSA ygjksa ij ygjksa dk vkuk lqanj] vfr lqanj gSA dgks ;gk¡ ls c<+dj lq[k D;k ik ldrk gS izk.kh\ vuqHko djks ân; ls] gs vuqjkx&Hkjh dY;k.khAA © NCERT not to be republished ifFkd/143 tc xaHkhj re v¼Z&fu'kk esa tx dks <d ysrk gSA varfj{k dh Nr ij rkjksa dks fNVdk nsrk gSA lfLer&onu txr dk Lokeh e`nq xfr ls vkrk gSA rV ij [kM+k xxu&xaxk osQ e/qj xhr xkrk gSAA mlls gh foeqX/ gks uHk esa panz fog¡l nsrk gSA o`{k fofo/ iÙkksa&iq"iksa ls ru dks lt ysrk gSA i{kh g"kZ l¡Hkky u ldrs eqX/ pgd mBrs gSaA iwQy lk¡l ysdj lq[k dh lkuan egd mBrs gSaµ ou] miou] fxfj] lkuq] oaqQt esa es?k cjl iM+rs gSaA esjk vkRe&izy; gksrk gS] u;u uhj >M+rs gSaA i<+ks ygj] rV] r`.k] r#] fxfj] uHk] fdju] tyn ij I;kjhA fy[kh gqbZ ;g e/qj dgkuh fo'o&foeksgugkjhAA dSlh e/qj euksgj mTToy gS ;g izse&dgkuhA th esa gS v{kj cu blosQ cuw¡ fo'o dh ckuhA fLFkj] ifo=k] vkuan&izokfgr] lnk 'kkafr lq[kdj gSA vgk! izse dk jkT; ije lqanj] vfr'k; lqanj gSAA vH;kl dfork osQ lkFk 1- ifFkd dk eu dgk¡ fopjuk pkgrk gS\ 2- lw;kZsn; o.kZu osQ fy, fdl rjg osQ fcacksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS\ © NCERT not to be republished 144/vkjksg 3- vk'k; Li"V djsa µ (d) lfLer&onu txr dk Lokeh e`nq xfr ls vkrk gSA rV ij [kM+k xxu&xaxk osQ e/qj xhr xkrk gSAA ([k) dSlh e/qj euksgj mTToy gS ;g izse&dgkuhA th esa gS v{kj cu blds cuw¡ fo'o dh ckuhA 4- dfork esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij izo`Qfr dks euq"; osQ :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA ,sls mnkgj.kksa dk Hkko Li"V djrs gq, fy[ksaA dfork osQ vkl&ikl 1- leqnz dks ns[kdj vkiosQ eu esa D;k Hkko mBrs gSa\ yxHkx 200 'kCnksa esa fy[ksaA 2- isze lR; gS] lqanj gS&izse ds fofHk :iksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, bl fo"k; ij ifjppkZ djsaA 3- orZeku le; esa ge izo`Qfr ls nwj gksrs tk jgs gSaµ bl ij ppkZ djsa vkSj fy[ksa fd izÑfr ls tqM+s jgus osQ fy, D;k dj ldrs gaSA 4- lkxj laca/h nl dforkvksa dk ladyu djsa vkSj iksLVj cuk,¡A 'kCn&Nfo okfjn&ekyk & fxjrh gqbZ o"kkZ dh yfM+;k¡ jRukdj & lkxj ey;kfuy & ey; ioZr (tgk¡ panu ou gS) ls vkus okyh 'khry] lqaxf/r gok d¡xwjk & xqacn] cq”kZ vlokjh & lokjh varfj{k & vkdk'k] /jrh vkSj vkdk'k ds chp dh [kqyh txg lkuq & lery Hkwfe vkRe&izy; & Lo;a dks Hkwy tkuk fo'o&foeksgugkjh & lalkj dks eqX/ djus okyh © NCERT not to be republishedRead More
1. Who is the author of the poem "Ramnaresh Tripathi"? |
2. What is the subject of the poem "Ramnaresh Tripathi"? |
3. Which textbook contains the poem "Ramnaresh Tripathi"? |
4. Is the poem "Ramnaresh Tripathi" a part of the curriculum for exams? |
5. Can you provide a brief summary or analysis of the poem "Ramnaresh Tripathi"? |
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