Humanities/Arts Exam  >  Humanities/Arts Notes  >  NCERT Textbook - Syed Raza Haider

NCERT Textbook - Syed Raza Haider - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Download, print and study this document offline
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
 Page 1


118/vkjksg
dykdeZ ,d fofp=k mUekn gSA bls fo'okl ls lgstuk gSµ
laiw.kZrk ls] igkM+ksa osQ èkS;Z osQ leku] ekSu izrh{kk esa] vosQys ghA
(vkRek dk rki)
lS;n gSnj j”kk
tUe% lu~ 1922] ckcfj;k xk¡o (e-iz-)
lEeku% ^xzsM vkWo vkWfI
+
kQlj vkWo n vkWMZj vkWo
vkV~lZ ,saM ysVlZ*
j”kk us fp=kdyk dh f'k{kk ukxiqj LowQy vkWI
+
kQ
vkVZ o lj ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ] eqacbZ ls
izkIr dhA Hkkjr esa vusd izn'kZfu;k¡ vk;ksftr
djus osQ ckn lu~ 1950 esa os IkzQkalhlh ljdkj
dh Nk=ko`fÙk ij IkzQkal x, vkSj vè;;u fd;kA
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk oQks ftu
dykdkjksa us u;k vkSj vk/qfud eqgkojk fn;k]
muesa lS;n gSnj j”kk dk uke egRoiw.kZ gSA j”kk flI
+
kZQ blh otg ls dyk dh
nqfu;k esa lEekU; ugha gSa cfYd] ftu dykdkjksa us vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; dyk dks
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij izfrf"Br fd;k muesa gqlSu vkSj lw”kk osQ lkFk j”kk dk uke
vxyh iafDr esa vkrk gSA
 buesa gqlSu lcls ”;knk ?kqeDdM+ jgs] ysfdu mudk osaQnz Hkkjr gh jgkA
lw”kk U;w;koZQ pys x, vkSj j”kk isfjl esa tkdj cl x,A bl rjg j”kk dh dyk
esa Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh dyk n`f"V;ksa dk esy gqvkA yacs le; rd if'pe esa
jgus vkSj ogk¡ dh dyk dh ckjhfd;ksa ls izHkkfor gksus osQ ckotwn j”kk BsB :i
ls Hkkjrh; dykdkj gSaA fcanq mudh dyk&jpuk osQ osaQnz esa gSA mudh dbZ
Page 2


118/vkjksg
dykdeZ ,d fofp=k mUekn gSA bls fo'okl ls lgstuk gSµ
laiw.kZrk ls] igkM+ksa osQ èkS;Z osQ leku] ekSu izrh{kk esa] vosQys ghA
(vkRek dk rki)
lS;n gSnj j”kk
tUe% lu~ 1922] ckcfj;k xk¡o (e-iz-)
lEeku% ^xzsM vkWo vkWfI
+
kQlj vkWo n vkWMZj vkWo
vkV~lZ ,saM ysVlZ*
j”kk us fp=kdyk dh f'k{kk ukxiqj LowQy vkWI
+
kQ
vkVZ o lj ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ] eqacbZ ls
izkIr dhA Hkkjr esa vusd izn'kZfu;k¡ vk;ksftr
djus osQ ckn lu~ 1950 esa os IkzQkalhlh ljdkj
dh Nk=ko`fÙk ij IkzQkal x, vkSj vè;;u fd;kA
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk oQks ftu
dykdkjksa us u;k vkSj vk/qfud eqgkojk fn;k]
muesa lS;n gSnj j”kk dk uke egRoiw.kZ gSA j”kk flI
+
kZQ blh otg ls dyk dh
nqfu;k esa lEekU; ugha gSa cfYd] ftu dykdkjksa us vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; dyk dks
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij izfrf"Br fd;k muesa gqlSu vkSj lw”kk osQ lkFk j”kk dk uke
vxyh iafDr esa vkrk gSA
 buesa gqlSu lcls ”;knk ?kqeDdM+ jgs] ysfdu mudk osaQnz Hkkjr gh jgkA
lw”kk U;w;koZQ pys x, vkSj j”kk isfjl esa tkdj cl x,A bl rjg j”kk dh dyk
esa Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh dyk n`f"V;ksa dk esy gqvkA yacs le; rd if'pe esa
jgus vkSj ogk¡ dh dyk dh ckjhfd;ksa ls izHkkfor gksus osQ ckotwn j”kk BsB :i
ls Hkkjrh; dykdkj gSaA fcanq mudh dyk&jpuk osQ osaQnz esa gSA mudh dbZ
vkRek dk rki/119
dykÑfr;k¡ fcanq dk :ikdkj gSaA ;g fcanq osQoy :ikdkj ugha gS] cfYd
ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; fparu dk osaQnz&fcanq Hkh gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh xkSjryc gS fd fcanq
dh rjI
+
kQ mudk >qdko muosQ LowQyh f'k{kd uanyky >fj;k us djk;k FkkA
j”kk dh dyk vkSj O;fDrRo esa mnkÙkrk gSA mudh dyk esa jaxksa dh O;kidrk
vkSj vè;kRe dh xgjkbZ gSA mudh dyk dks Hkkjr vkSj nwljs ns'kksa esa dkI
+
kQh
ljkgk x;k gSA #MkWYI
+
kQ okWu ysMsu] fi;js xksfncs;j] xhfr lsu] tkd yklsa] fe'ksy
,acs;j vkfn us j”kk ij eksuksxzkI
+
kQ fy[ks gSaA
;gk¡ fn;k x;k ikB lS;n gSnj j”kk dh vkRedFkkRed iqLrd vkRek dk rki
dk ,d vè;k; gSA bldk vaxzs”kh ls fganh vuqokn e/q ch- tks'kh us fd;k gSA
;gk¡ j”kk us fp=kdyk osQ {ks=k esa vius vkjafHkd la?k"kks± vkSj liQyrkvksa osQ ckjs
esa crk;k gSA ,d dykdkj dk thou&la?k"kZ vkSj dyk&la?k"kZ] mldh ltZukRed
cspSuh] viuh jpuk esa loZLo >ksad nsus dk mldk tquwu–;s lkjh ph”ksa blesa cgqr
jkspd o lgt 'kSyh esa mHkjdj vkbZ gSaA
lS;n gSnj j”kk/119
Page 3


118/vkjksg
dykdeZ ,d fofp=k mUekn gSA bls fo'okl ls lgstuk gSµ
laiw.kZrk ls] igkM+ksa osQ èkS;Z osQ leku] ekSu izrh{kk esa] vosQys ghA
(vkRek dk rki)
lS;n gSnj j”kk
tUe% lu~ 1922] ckcfj;k xk¡o (e-iz-)
lEeku% ^xzsM vkWo vkWfI
+
kQlj vkWo n vkWMZj vkWo
vkV~lZ ,saM ysVlZ*
j”kk us fp=kdyk dh f'k{kk ukxiqj LowQy vkWI
+
kQ
vkVZ o lj ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ] eqacbZ ls
izkIr dhA Hkkjr esa vusd izn'kZfu;k¡ vk;ksftr
djus osQ ckn lu~ 1950 esa os IkzQkalhlh ljdkj
dh Nk=ko`fÙk ij IkzQkal x, vkSj vè;;u fd;kA
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk oQks ftu
dykdkjksa us u;k vkSj vk/qfud eqgkojk fn;k]
muesa lS;n gSnj j”kk dk uke egRoiw.kZ gSA j”kk flI
+
kZQ blh otg ls dyk dh
nqfu;k esa lEekU; ugha gSa cfYd] ftu dykdkjksa us vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; dyk dks
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij izfrf"Br fd;k muesa gqlSu vkSj lw”kk osQ lkFk j”kk dk uke
vxyh iafDr esa vkrk gSA
 buesa gqlSu lcls ”;knk ?kqeDdM+ jgs] ysfdu mudk osaQnz Hkkjr gh jgkA
lw”kk U;w;koZQ pys x, vkSj j”kk isfjl esa tkdj cl x,A bl rjg j”kk dh dyk
esa Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh dyk n`f"V;ksa dk esy gqvkA yacs le; rd if'pe esa
jgus vkSj ogk¡ dh dyk dh ckjhfd;ksa ls izHkkfor gksus osQ ckotwn j”kk BsB :i
ls Hkkjrh; dykdkj gSaA fcanq mudh dyk&jpuk osQ osaQnz esa gSA mudh dbZ
vkRek dk rki/119
dykÑfr;k¡ fcanq dk :ikdkj gSaA ;g fcanq osQoy :ikdkj ugha gS] cfYd
ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; fparu dk osaQnz&fcanq Hkh gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh xkSjryc gS fd fcanq
dh rjI
+
kQ mudk >qdko muosQ LowQyh f'k{kd uanyky >fj;k us djk;k FkkA
j”kk dh dyk vkSj O;fDrRo esa mnkÙkrk gSA mudh dyk esa jaxksa dh O;kidrk
vkSj vè;kRe dh xgjkbZ gSA mudh dyk dks Hkkjr vkSj nwljs ns'kksa esa dkI
+
kQh
ljkgk x;k gSA #MkWYI
+
kQ okWu ysMsu] fi;js xksfncs;j] xhfr lsu] tkd yklsa] fe'ksy
,acs;j vkfn us j”kk ij eksuksxzkI
+
kQ fy[ks gSaA
;gk¡ fn;k x;k ikB lS;n gSnj j”kk dh vkRedFkkRed iqLrd vkRek dk rki
dk ,d vè;k; gSA bldk vaxzs”kh ls fganh vuqokn e/q ch- tks'kh us fd;k gSA
;gk¡ j”kk us fp=kdyk osQ {ks=k esa vius vkjafHkd la?k"kks± vkSj liQyrkvksa osQ ckjs
esa crk;k gSA ,d dykdkj dk thou&la?k"kZ vkSj dyk&la?k"kZ] mldh ltZukRed
cspSuh] viuh jpuk esa loZLo >ksad nsus dk mldk tquwu–;s lkjh ph”ksa blesa cgqr
jkspd o lgt 'kSyh esa mHkjdj vkbZ gSaA
lS;n gSnj j”kk/119 120/vkjksg
vkRek dk rki
ukxiqj LowQy dh ijh{kk esa eSa d{kk esa izFke vk;k] nl esa ls ukS fo"k;ksa esa eq>s
fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk izkIr gqbZA blls eq>s cM+h enn feyhA firk th fjVk;j gks pqosQ FksA
vc eq>s ukSdjh <w¡<+uh FkhA eSa xksafn;k
1
 esa Mªkbax dk vè;kid cu x;kA eghus&Hkj
esa gh eq>s cacbZ esa ^ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ* esa vè;;u osQ fy, eè; izkar dh
ljdkjh Nk=ko`fÙk feyhA ;g flracj 1943 dh ckr gSA eSaus vejkorh
2
 osQ xouZesaV
ukWeZy LowQy ls R;kxi=k ns fn;kA tc rd eSa cacbZ igq¡pk rc rd ts-ts- LowQy
esa nkf[kyk can gks pqdk FkkA nkf[kyk gks Hkh tkrk rks mifLFkfr dk izfr'kr iwjk u
gks ikrkA Nk=ko`fÙk okil ys yh xbZA ljdkj us eq>s vdksyk
3
 esa Mªkbax vè;kid
dh ukSdjh nsus dh is'kd'k dhA eSaus r; fd;k fd eSa ykSV¡wxk ugha] cacbZ esa gh
vè;;u d:¡xkA eq>s 'kgj ilan vk;k] okrkoj.k ilan vk;k] xSyfj;k¡ vkSj 'kgjksa
esa vius igys fe=k ilan vk,A vkSj Hkh vPNh ckr ;g gqbZ fd eq>s ,Dlizsl
CykWd LVwfM;ks esa fM”kkbuj dh ukSdjh fey xbZA ;g LVwfM;ks I
+
kQhjks”k'kkg esgrk jksM
ij FkkA ,d ckj fiQj dM+h esgur dk nkSj pykA djhc lky&Hkj esa gh LVwfM;ks
osQ ekfyd Jh tyhy vkSj eSustj Jh gqlSu us eq>s eq[; fM”kkbuj cuk fn;kA
lqcg nl cts ls 'kke Ng cts rd eSa nÝ
+
rj esa dke djrkA fiQj eSa vè;;u osQ
fy, eksgu vkVZ Dyc tkrk vkSj fiQj tsdc loZQy tgk¡ HkkbZ osQ ifjfpr ,d
VSDlh Mªkboj us eq>s jgus dh txg ns j[kh FkhA mlus dgk fd eSa rks VSDlh jkr
1] 2] 3 µ egkjk"Vª esa fLFkr
Page 4


118/vkjksg
dykdeZ ,d fofp=k mUekn gSA bls fo'okl ls lgstuk gSµ
laiw.kZrk ls] igkM+ksa osQ èkS;Z osQ leku] ekSu izrh{kk esa] vosQys ghA
(vkRek dk rki)
lS;n gSnj j”kk
tUe% lu~ 1922] ckcfj;k xk¡o (e-iz-)
lEeku% ^xzsM vkWo vkWfI
+
kQlj vkWo n vkWMZj vkWo
vkV~lZ ,saM ysVlZ*
j”kk us fp=kdyk dh f'k{kk ukxiqj LowQy vkWI
+
kQ
vkVZ o lj ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ] eqacbZ ls
izkIr dhA Hkkjr esa vusd izn'kZfu;k¡ vk;ksftr
djus osQ ckn lu~ 1950 esa os IkzQkalhlh ljdkj
dh Nk=ko`fÙk ij IkzQkal x, vkSj vè;;u fd;kA
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk oQks ftu
dykdkjksa us u;k vkSj vk/qfud eqgkojk fn;k]
muesa lS;n gSnj j”kk dk uke egRoiw.kZ gSA j”kk flI
+
kZQ blh otg ls dyk dh
nqfu;k esa lEekU; ugha gSa cfYd] ftu dykdkjksa us vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; dyk dks
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij izfrf"Br fd;k muesa gqlSu vkSj lw”kk osQ lkFk j”kk dk uke
vxyh iafDr esa vkrk gSA
 buesa gqlSu lcls ”;knk ?kqeDdM+ jgs] ysfdu mudk osaQnz Hkkjr gh jgkA
lw”kk U;w;koZQ pys x, vkSj j”kk isfjl esa tkdj cl x,A bl rjg j”kk dh dyk
esa Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh dyk n`f"V;ksa dk esy gqvkA yacs le; rd if'pe esa
jgus vkSj ogk¡ dh dyk dh ckjhfd;ksa ls izHkkfor gksus osQ ckotwn j”kk BsB :i
ls Hkkjrh; dykdkj gSaA fcanq mudh dyk&jpuk osQ osaQnz esa gSA mudh dbZ
vkRek dk rki/119
dykÑfr;k¡ fcanq dk :ikdkj gSaA ;g fcanq osQoy :ikdkj ugha gS] cfYd
ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; fparu dk osaQnz&fcanq Hkh gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh xkSjryc gS fd fcanq
dh rjI
+
kQ mudk >qdko muosQ LowQyh f'k{kd uanyky >fj;k us djk;k FkkA
j”kk dh dyk vkSj O;fDrRo esa mnkÙkrk gSA mudh dyk esa jaxksa dh O;kidrk
vkSj vè;kRe dh xgjkbZ gSA mudh dyk dks Hkkjr vkSj nwljs ns'kksa esa dkI
+
kQh
ljkgk x;k gSA #MkWYI
+
kQ okWu ysMsu] fi;js xksfncs;j] xhfr lsu] tkd yklsa] fe'ksy
,acs;j vkfn us j”kk ij eksuksxzkI
+
kQ fy[ks gSaA
;gk¡ fn;k x;k ikB lS;n gSnj j”kk dh vkRedFkkRed iqLrd vkRek dk rki
dk ,d vè;k; gSA bldk vaxzs”kh ls fganh vuqokn e/q ch- tks'kh us fd;k gSA
;gk¡ j”kk us fp=kdyk osQ {ks=k esa vius vkjafHkd la?k"kks± vkSj liQyrkvksa osQ ckjs
esa crk;k gSA ,d dykdkj dk thou&la?k"kZ vkSj dyk&la?k"kZ] mldh ltZukRed
cspSuh] viuh jpuk esa loZLo >ksad nsus dk mldk tquwu–;s lkjh ph”ksa blesa cgqr
jkspd o lgt 'kSyh esa mHkjdj vkbZ gSaA
lS;n gSnj j”kk/119 120/vkjksg
vkRek dk rki
ukxiqj LowQy dh ijh{kk esa eSa d{kk esa izFke vk;k] nl esa ls ukS fo"k;ksa esa eq>s
fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk izkIr gqbZA blls eq>s cM+h enn feyhA firk th fjVk;j gks pqosQ FksA
vc eq>s ukSdjh <w¡<+uh FkhA eSa xksafn;k
1
 esa Mªkbax dk vè;kid cu x;kA eghus&Hkj
esa gh eq>s cacbZ esa ^ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ* esa vè;;u osQ fy, eè; izkar dh
ljdkjh Nk=ko`fÙk feyhA ;g flracj 1943 dh ckr gSA eSaus vejkorh
2
 osQ xouZesaV
ukWeZy LowQy ls R;kxi=k ns fn;kA tc rd eSa cacbZ igq¡pk rc rd ts-ts- LowQy
esa nkf[kyk can gks pqdk FkkA nkf[kyk gks Hkh tkrk rks mifLFkfr dk izfr'kr iwjk u
gks ikrkA Nk=ko`fÙk okil ys yh xbZA ljdkj us eq>s vdksyk
3
 esa Mªkbax vè;kid
dh ukSdjh nsus dh is'kd'k dhA eSaus r; fd;k fd eSa ykSV¡wxk ugha] cacbZ esa gh
vè;;u d:¡xkA eq>s 'kgj ilan vk;k] okrkoj.k ilan vk;k] xSyfj;k¡ vkSj 'kgjksa
esa vius igys fe=k ilan vk,A vkSj Hkh vPNh ckr ;g gqbZ fd eq>s ,Dlizsl
CykWd LVwfM;ks esa fM”kkbuj dh ukSdjh fey xbZA ;g LVwfM;ks I
+
kQhjks”k'kkg esgrk jksM
ij FkkA ,d ckj fiQj dM+h esgur dk nkSj pykA djhc lky&Hkj esa gh LVwfM;ks
osQ ekfyd Jh tyhy vkSj eSustj Jh gqlSu us eq>s eq[; fM”kkbuj cuk fn;kA
lqcg nl cts ls 'kke Ng cts rd eSa nÝ
+
rj esa dke djrkA fiQj eSa vè;;u osQ
fy, eksgu vkVZ Dyc tkrk vkSj fiQj tsdc loZQy tgk¡ HkkbZ osQ ifjfpr ,d
VSDlh Mªkboj us eq>s jgus dh txg ns j[kh FkhA mlus dgk fd eSa rks VSDlh jkr
1] 2] 3 µ egkjk"Vª esa fLFkr
vkRek dk rki/121
dks gh pykrk gw¡ rks rqe ogk¡ lks ldrs gksA og fnu esa dejs ij ykSVrkA ;g
NksVk&lk dejk tsdc loZQy lkr jkLrk esa igyh eaf”ky ij FkkA ,d jkr tc
lk<+s ukS cts eSa dejs ij igq¡pk rks gekjs njok”ks ij ,d iqfylokyk [kM+k FkkA
mlus dgk fd rqe vanj ugha tk ldrs] ;gk¡ gR;k dh okjnkr gqbZ gSA geyksx
dHkh Hkh jktuhfr ;k fdlh Hkh rjg dh lafnXèk xfrfofèk;ksa esa 'kkfey ugha gq,
FksA esjh rks vDy xqe gks xbZA eSa rqjar iqfyl LVs'ku tkdj dfe'uj ls feykA mUgsa
crk;k fd eSa ,d fo|kFkhZ gw¡] tsdc loZQy esa jgrk gw¡] esjs dejs osQ ckgj
iqfylokyk [kM+k gS vkSj eq>s vanj ugha tkus ns jgk gSA mUgksaus crk;k fd esjs VSDlh
Mªkboj fe=k jkYI
+
kQ ij ;k eq> ij 'kd ugha gSA jkYI
+
kQ dh VSDlh esa fdlh us ,d
lokjh dh Nqjk ekjdj gR;k dj nh FkhA vxys fnu eSaus tyhy lkgc dks
jkedgkuh lqukbZ rks mUgksaus eq>s vkVZ fMikVZesaV esa dejk ns fn;kA eSa I
+
kQ'kZ ij lksrkA
os eq>ss jkr X;kjg&ckjg cts rd xfy;ksa osQ fp=k ;k vkSj rjg&rjg osQ LosQp
cukrs ns[krsA dHkh&dHkh os dgrs fd rqe cgqr nsj rd dke djrs jg x,] vc
lks tkvksA oqQN eghus ckn mUgksaus eq>s ,d cgqr 'kkunkj fBdkuk nsus dh
is'kd'k dhµmuosQ ppsjs HkkbZ osQ NBh eaf”ky osQ Ý
+
ySV dk ,d dejkA mlesa nks
iyax iM+s FksA mudh ;kstuk ;g Fkh fd vxj eSa muosQ ;gk¡ dke djrk jgk rks
eq>s dyk foHkkx dk izeq[k cuk fn;k tk,A eSa tsdc loZQy dk lkr jkLrs okyk
?kj vkSj mldk xyh”k okrkoj.k NksM+dj u, fBdkus ij vk x;k vkSj iwjh rjg
vius dke esa Mwc x;kA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd pkj cjl esa] 1948 esa]
ckWEcs vkV~lZ lkslkbVh dk Lo.kZ ind eq>s feykA bl lEeku dks ikus okyk
eSa lcls de vk;q dk dykdkj FkkA nks cjl ckn eq>s izQkal ljdkj dh Nk=ko`fÙk
fey xbZA eSaus [kqn dks ;kn fnyk;k% Hkxoku osQ ?kj nsj gS] vaèksj ughaA esjs
igys nks fp=k uoacj 1943 esa vkV~lZ lkslkbVh vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k dh izn'kZuh esa iznf'kZr
gq,A mn~?kkVu esa eq>s vkeaf=kr ugha fd;k x;k] D;ksafd eSa tkuk&ekuk uke ugha FkkA
vxys fnu eSaus ^n VkbEl vkWWI
+
kQ bafM;k* esa izn'kZuh dh leh{kk i<+hA dyk&leh{kd
Page 5


118/vkjksg
dykdeZ ,d fofp=k mUekn gSA bls fo'okl ls lgstuk gSµ
laiw.kZrk ls] igkM+ksa osQ èkS;Z osQ leku] ekSu izrh{kk esa] vosQys ghA
(vkRek dk rki)
lS;n gSnj j”kk
tUe% lu~ 1922] ckcfj;k xk¡o (e-iz-)
lEeku% ^xzsM vkWo vkWfI
+
kQlj vkWo n vkWMZj vkWo
vkV~lZ ,saM ysVlZ*
j”kk us fp=kdyk dh f'k{kk ukxiqj LowQy vkWI
+
kQ
vkVZ o lj ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ] eqacbZ ls
izkIr dhA Hkkjr esa vusd izn'kZfu;k¡ vk;ksftr
djus osQ ckn lu~ 1950 esa os IkzQkalhlh ljdkj
dh Nk=ko`fÙk ij IkzQkal x, vkSj vè;;u fd;kA
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk oQks ftu
dykdkjksa us u;k vkSj vk/qfud eqgkojk fn;k]
muesa lS;n gSnj j”kk dk uke egRoiw.kZ gSA j”kk flI
+
kZQ blh otg ls dyk dh
nqfu;k esa lEekU; ugha gSa cfYd] ftu dykdkjksa us vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; dyk dks
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij izfrf"Br fd;k muesa gqlSu vkSj lw”kk osQ lkFk j”kk dk uke
vxyh iafDr esa vkrk gSA
 buesa gqlSu lcls ”;knk ?kqeDdM+ jgs] ysfdu mudk osaQnz Hkkjr gh jgkA
lw”kk U;w;koZQ pys x, vkSj j”kk isfjl esa tkdj cl x,A bl rjg j”kk dh dyk
esa Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh dyk n`f"V;ksa dk esy gqvkA yacs le; rd if'pe esa
jgus vkSj ogk¡ dh dyk dh ckjhfd;ksa ls izHkkfor gksus osQ ckotwn j”kk BsB :i
ls Hkkjrh; dykdkj gSaA fcanq mudh dyk&jpuk osQ osaQnz esa gSA mudh dbZ
vkRek dk rki/119
dykÑfr;k¡ fcanq dk :ikdkj gSaA ;g fcanq osQoy :ikdkj ugha gS] cfYd
ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; fparu dk osaQnz&fcanq Hkh gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh xkSjryc gS fd fcanq
dh rjI
+
kQ mudk >qdko muosQ LowQyh f'k{kd uanyky >fj;k us djk;k FkkA
j”kk dh dyk vkSj O;fDrRo esa mnkÙkrk gSA mudh dyk esa jaxksa dh O;kidrk
vkSj vè;kRe dh xgjkbZ gSA mudh dyk dks Hkkjr vkSj nwljs ns'kksa esa dkI
+
kQh
ljkgk x;k gSA #MkWYI
+
kQ okWu ysMsu] fi;js xksfncs;j] xhfr lsu] tkd yklsa] fe'ksy
,acs;j vkfn us j”kk ij eksuksxzkI
+
kQ fy[ks gSaA
;gk¡ fn;k x;k ikB lS;n gSnj j”kk dh vkRedFkkRed iqLrd vkRek dk rki
dk ,d vè;k; gSA bldk vaxzs”kh ls fganh vuqokn e/q ch- tks'kh us fd;k gSA
;gk¡ j”kk us fp=kdyk osQ {ks=k esa vius vkjafHkd la?k"kks± vkSj liQyrkvksa osQ ckjs
esa crk;k gSA ,d dykdkj dk thou&la?k"kZ vkSj dyk&la?k"kZ] mldh ltZukRed
cspSuh] viuh jpuk esa loZLo >ksad nsus dk mldk tquwu–;s lkjh ph”ksa blesa cgqr
jkspd o lgt 'kSyh esa mHkjdj vkbZ gSaA
lS;n gSnj j”kk/119 120/vkjksg
vkRek dk rki
ukxiqj LowQy dh ijh{kk esa eSa d{kk esa izFke vk;k] nl esa ls ukS fo"k;ksa esa eq>s
fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk izkIr gqbZA blls eq>s cM+h enn feyhA firk th fjVk;j gks pqosQ FksA
vc eq>s ukSdjh <w¡<+uh FkhA eSa xksafn;k
1
 esa Mªkbax dk vè;kid cu x;kA eghus&Hkj
esa gh eq>s cacbZ esa ^ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ* esa vè;;u osQ fy, eè; izkar dh
ljdkjh Nk=ko`fÙk feyhA ;g flracj 1943 dh ckr gSA eSaus vejkorh
2
 osQ xouZesaV
ukWeZy LowQy ls R;kxi=k ns fn;kA tc rd eSa cacbZ igq¡pk rc rd ts-ts- LowQy
esa nkf[kyk can gks pqdk FkkA nkf[kyk gks Hkh tkrk rks mifLFkfr dk izfr'kr iwjk u
gks ikrkA Nk=ko`fÙk okil ys yh xbZA ljdkj us eq>s vdksyk
3
 esa Mªkbax vè;kid
dh ukSdjh nsus dh is'kd'k dhA eSaus r; fd;k fd eSa ykSV¡wxk ugha] cacbZ esa gh
vè;;u d:¡xkA eq>s 'kgj ilan vk;k] okrkoj.k ilan vk;k] xSyfj;k¡ vkSj 'kgjksa
esa vius igys fe=k ilan vk,A vkSj Hkh vPNh ckr ;g gqbZ fd eq>s ,Dlizsl
CykWd LVwfM;ks esa fM”kkbuj dh ukSdjh fey xbZA ;g LVwfM;ks I
+
kQhjks”k'kkg esgrk jksM
ij FkkA ,d ckj fiQj dM+h esgur dk nkSj pykA djhc lky&Hkj esa gh LVwfM;ks
osQ ekfyd Jh tyhy vkSj eSustj Jh gqlSu us eq>s eq[; fM”kkbuj cuk fn;kA
lqcg nl cts ls 'kke Ng cts rd eSa nÝ
+
rj esa dke djrkA fiQj eSa vè;;u osQ
fy, eksgu vkVZ Dyc tkrk vkSj fiQj tsdc loZQy tgk¡ HkkbZ osQ ifjfpr ,d
VSDlh Mªkboj us eq>s jgus dh txg ns j[kh FkhA mlus dgk fd eSa rks VSDlh jkr
1] 2] 3 µ egkjk"Vª esa fLFkr
vkRek dk rki/121
dks gh pykrk gw¡ rks rqe ogk¡ lks ldrs gksA og fnu esa dejs ij ykSVrkA ;g
NksVk&lk dejk tsdc loZQy lkr jkLrk esa igyh eaf”ky ij FkkA ,d jkr tc
lk<+s ukS cts eSa dejs ij igq¡pk rks gekjs njok”ks ij ,d iqfylokyk [kM+k FkkA
mlus dgk fd rqe vanj ugha tk ldrs] ;gk¡ gR;k dh okjnkr gqbZ gSA geyksx
dHkh Hkh jktuhfr ;k fdlh Hkh rjg dh lafnXèk xfrfofèk;ksa esa 'kkfey ugha gq,
FksA esjh rks vDy xqe gks xbZA eSa rqjar iqfyl LVs'ku tkdj dfe'uj ls feykA mUgsa
crk;k fd eSa ,d fo|kFkhZ gw¡] tsdc loZQy esa jgrk gw¡] esjs dejs osQ ckgj
iqfylokyk [kM+k gS vkSj eq>s vanj ugha tkus ns jgk gSA mUgksaus crk;k fd esjs VSDlh
Mªkboj fe=k jkYI
+
kQ ij ;k eq> ij 'kd ugha gSA jkYI
+
kQ dh VSDlh esa fdlh us ,d
lokjh dh Nqjk ekjdj gR;k dj nh FkhA vxys fnu eSaus tyhy lkgc dks
jkedgkuh lqukbZ rks mUgksaus eq>s vkVZ fMikVZesaV esa dejk ns fn;kA eSa I
+
kQ'kZ ij lksrkA
os eq>ss jkr X;kjg&ckjg cts rd xfy;ksa osQ fp=k ;k vkSj rjg&rjg osQ LosQp
cukrs ns[krsA dHkh&dHkh os dgrs fd rqe cgqr nsj rd dke djrs jg x,] vc
lks tkvksA oqQN eghus ckn mUgksaus eq>s ,d cgqr 'kkunkj fBdkuk nsus dh
is'kd'k dhµmuosQ ppsjs HkkbZ osQ NBh eaf”ky osQ Ý
+
ySV dk ,d dejkA mlesa nks
iyax iM+s FksA mudh ;kstuk ;g Fkh fd vxj eSa muosQ ;gk¡ dke djrk jgk rks
eq>s dyk foHkkx dk izeq[k cuk fn;k tk,A eSa tsdc loZQy dk lkr jkLrs okyk
?kj vkSj mldk xyh”k okrkoj.k NksM+dj u, fBdkus ij vk x;k vkSj iwjh rjg
vius dke esa Mwc x;kA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd pkj cjl esa] 1948 esa]
ckWEcs vkV~lZ lkslkbVh dk Lo.kZ ind eq>s feykA bl lEeku dks ikus okyk
eSa lcls de vk;q dk dykdkj FkkA nks cjl ckn eq>s izQkal ljdkj dh Nk=ko`fÙk
fey xbZA eSaus [kqn dks ;kn fnyk;k% Hkxoku osQ ?kj nsj gS] vaèksj ughaA esjs
igys nks fp=k uoacj 1943 esa vkV~lZ lkslkbVh vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k dh izn'kZuh esa iznf'kZr
gq,A mn~?kkVu esa eq>s vkeaf=kr ugha fd;k x;k] D;ksafd eSa tkuk&ekuk uke ugha FkkA
vxys fnu eSaus ^n VkbEl vkWWI
+
kQ bafM;k* esa izn'kZuh dh leh{kk i<+hA dyk&leh{kd
122/vkjksg
#MkWYI
+
kQ okWu ysMsu us essjs fp=kksa dh dkI
+
kQh rkjhI
+
kQ dh FkhA mldk igyk okD; eq>s
vkt Hkh ;kn gS] ^^buesa ls dbZ fp=k igys Hkh izn£'kr gks pqosQ gSa] vkSj u;ksa esa
dksbZ ubZ izfrHkk ugha fn[khA gk¡] ,l-,p- j”kk osQ uke osQ Nk=k osQ ,d&nks tyjax
yqHkkous gSaA muesa la;kstu vkSj jaxksa osQ n{k iz;ksx dh ”kcjnLr le>nkjh fn[krh
gSA** nksuksa fp=k 40&40 #i;s esa fcd x,A ,Dlizsl CykWd LVwfM;ks”k esa vkB&nl
?kaVk jks”k dke djus osQ ckn Hkh eghus&Hkj esa eq>s brus #i;s ugha fey ikrs FksA
osful vdkneh osQ izksI
+
ksQlj okYVj ySaxgSej ls HksaV gqbZ rks mUgksaus teZu mPpkj.kokyh
vaxsz”kh esa dgk] ^^vkbZ yÝM ;wvj LVWI
+
kQ] feLVj jR”kk** (j”kk lkgc] eq>s vkidk
dke ilan vk;k)A #MkWYI
+
kQ okWu ysMsu Hkh Ñik cuk, j[krs FksA blosQ ckn fo;uk
osQ ,d dyk&laxzkgd ,Eesuq,y 'ySflaxj esjs dke osQ iz'kald cus] ;g esjh
cgqewY; miyfCèk FkhA le; osQ lkFk&lkFk ph”ksa gksrh pyh xb±A izksI
+
ksQlj ySaxgSej
us dke djus osQ fy, viuk LVwfM;ks ns fn;kA os ^n VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k* esa vkVZ
Mk;jsDVj FksA eSa fnu esa muosQ LVwfM;ks esa fp=k cukrk] 'kke dks fp=k mUgsa fn[kkrk
rks os ckjhdh ls mudk fo'ys"k.k djrsA esjs dke esa mudh #fp c<+rh xbZA esjk
dke fu[kjrk x;kA os esjs fp=k [kjhnus yxs vkSj vkf[kj esjs fy, ukSdjh NksM+dj
dyk osQ vè;;u esa tqV ikuk laHko gks ldkA 1947 esa eSa ts-ts- LowQy vkWI
+
kQ vkVZ
dk fu;fer Nk=k cu x;k] D;ksafd vc eSa ukSdjh fd, fcuk Hkh viuh I
+
kQhl vkSj
jgus dk [kpkZ mBk ldrk FkkA
Hkys gh 1947 vkSj 1948 esa egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk,¡ ?kVh gksa] esjs fy, os dfBu
cjl FksA igys rks dY;k.k okys ?kj esa esjs ikl jgrs esjh ek¡ dk nsgkar gks x;kA
firk th esjs ikl gh FksA os eaMyk ykSV x,A ebZ 1948 esa os Hkh ugha jgsA foHkktu
dh =kklnh osQ ckotwn Hkkjr Lora=k FkkA mRlkg Fkk] mnklh Hkh FkhA thou ij
vpkud f”kEesnkfj;ksa dk cks> vk iM+kA ge ;qok FksA eSa iPphl cjl dk Fkk]
ys[kdksa] dfo;ksa] fp=kdkjksa dh laxr FkhA gesa yxrk Fkk fd ge igkM+ fgyk ldrs
gSaA vkSj lHkh vius&vius {ks=kksa esa] vius ekè;e esa lkeF;Z Hkj&cf<+;k dke djus
Read More

Top Courses for Humanities/Arts

FAQs on NCERT Textbook - Syed Raza Haider - Humanities/Arts

1. What is the significance of the NCERT textbook in the Indian education system?
Ans. The NCERT textbook holds great significance in the Indian education system as it is the official textbook prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). It provides standardized content and follows a uniform curriculum across the country, ensuring quality education for all students.
2. How does the NCERT textbook differ from other textbooks available in the market?
Ans. The NCERT textbook differs from other textbooks available in the market as it is designed by a team of subject matter experts, educationalists, and researchers. It undergoes rigorous review and revision processes to ensure accuracy, relevance, and alignment with the latest educational standards. Moreover, it is free from any commercial bias and focuses on conceptual understanding rather than rote memorization.
3. Are NCERT textbooks sufficient for exam preparation?
Ans. Yes, NCERT textbooks are considered highly valuable for exam preparation. They provide a strong foundation of fundamental concepts and cover the entire syllabus prescribed by the respective educational boards. However, for comprehensive preparation, students may also refer to additional reference books and study materials to gain deeper insights and practice more questions.
4. How can NCERT textbooks be effectively used for self-study?
Ans. NCERT textbooks can be effectively used for self-study by following a systematic approach. Students should start by thoroughly reading the chapters, making notes, and highlighting important points. They can then attempt the exercise questions at the end of each chapter to assess their understanding. Additionally, referring to the NCERT exemplar problems and previous years' question papers can help in gaining a better grasp of the subject and exam pattern.
5. Is it necessary to solve the NCERT textbook examples and exercise questions for exam preparation?
Ans. Yes, it is highly recommended to solve the NCERT textbook examples and exercise questions for exam preparation. These questions are designed to test the understanding and application of concepts covered in the chapters. By solving these questions, students can improve their problem-solving abilities, enhance their critical thinking skills, and gain confidence in tackling similar questions that may appear in the exam.
Download as PDF
Explore Courses for Humanities/Arts exam

Top Courses for Humanities/Arts

Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

MCQs

,

Summary

,

ppt

,

Important questions

,

NCERT Textbook - Syed Raza Haider - Humanities/Arts

,

Extra Questions

,

Free

,

Exam

,

mock tests for examination

,

Sample Paper

,

past year papers

,

practice quizzes

,

NCERT Textbook - Syed Raza Haider - Humanities/Arts

,

Viva Questions

,

NCERT Textbook - Syed Raza Haider - Humanities/Arts

,

Semester Notes

,

Objective type Questions

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

pdf

,

study material

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

video lectures

;