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Fugacity-based phase equilibrium criterion for pure component system
The general criterion of thermodynamic equilibrium has been defined by eqn. 6.38. Applying it to, for example, a vapour (V) and liquid (L) system of a pure component ‘i’ we have:
......(6.91)
However, for a pure component system: 
Thus:
......(6.92)
Thus, using eqn. 6.91 and 6.92 we have:
......(6.93)
The above equation may be generalized for any other types of phases. However, the eqn. 6.93 is rendered more easily applicable if the chemical potential is replaced by fugacity. Thus integrating eqn. 6.86 between vapour and liquid states of a pure component:
......(6.94 & 6.95)
Now applying eqn. 6.93 to 6.95 it follows 
Or:
......(6.96)
In eqn. 6.86 
indicates the value for either saturated liquid or saturated vapor, this is because the coexisting phases of saturated liquid and saturated vapor are in equilibrium. Since under such condition the pressure is 
we can write:
Thus, employing eqn. 6.86 again, it follows:
......(6.97)
Both eqns. 6.93, 6.96 and 6.97 represent equivalent criterion of vapor/liquid equilibrium for pure species.
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FAQs on Fugacity Based Phase Equilibrium Criterion for Pure Component System - Additional Documents & Tests for Civil Engineering (CE)
| 1. What is fugacity? |  |
| 2. How is fugacity related to phase equilibrium? | |
Ans. Fugacity is crucial in determining phase equilibrium in a pure component system. At equilibrium, the fugacity of a component will be the same in all phases present. This criterion ensures that the escaping tendency of the component is balanced across all phases, resulting in a stable coexistence of phases.
| 3. What is the significance of the fugacity-based phase equilibrium criterion in civil engineering? | |
Ans. The fugacity-based phase equilibrium criterion is essential in civil engineering for understanding and predicting the behavior of fluids in various systems. It helps in designing and analyzing systems involving phase changes, such as water treatment processes, soil mechanics, and geotechnical engineering.
| 4. How is the fugacity-based phase equilibrium criterion different from other phase equilibrium criteria? | |
Ans. The fugacity-based phase equilibrium criterion differs from other criteria, such as the activity-based criterion, by considering the non-ideality of the system. Fugacity accounts for the deviations from ideal behavior and incorporates the effects of pressure, temperature, and molecular interactions, providing a more accurate representation of phase equilibrium in non-ideal systems.
| 5. What are some practical applications of the fugacity-based phase equilibrium criterion in civil engineering? | |
Ans. The fugacity-based phase equilibrium criterion finds applications in various civil engineering fields. It is used to analyze the behavior of fluids in soil, such as determining the moisture content and permeability of soils. It is also employed in designing and optimizing water treatment processes, evaluating the stability of embankments and slopes, and studying the behavior of contaminants in groundwater systems.
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