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Gravitation Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 9
- Universal Law of Gravitation
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The force is along the line joining the centres of two objects.
Gravitational Force between two uniform objects is directed along the line joining their centres.Let two objects A and B of masses M and m lie at a distance of d from each other as shown in the figure.
Let F be the force of attraction between two objects. According to the universal law of gravitation - G is called a universal constant because its value does not depend on the nature of intervening medium or temperature or any other physical variable.
S.I. unit of G = Nm2/kg2
Value of G = 6.673 × 10−11 Nm2/kg2 (Found by Henry Cavendish) - Importance of Universal Law of Gravitation
Universal law of gravitation successfully explained several phenomena like :
(i) the force that binds us to the earth.
(ii) the motion of moon around the earth.
(iii) the motion of planets around the Sun.
(iv) the tides due to the moon and the Sun. - Free fall When an object falls down towards the earth under the gravitational force alone, we say the object is in free fall.
The velocity of a freely falling body changes and is said to be accelerated.
This acceleration is called acceleration due to gravity, denoted by ‘g’. Unit is m/s2.
As F = ma (∵ a = g) ...(i)
F = mg ...(ii)
and
F = G(Mm/d2) (from Universal law of gravitation) ...(iii)
From (ii) and (iii)
∴ mg = G(Mm/d2)
∴ g= GM/d2
M = Mass of the earth
d = Distance between the object and the earth
G = Gravitational constant If the object is placed on the earth then
d = R (R = radius of the earth) ...(iv)
Earth is not a sphere, it is flattened at poles.
Hence Rp − Radius at pole and Re − Radius at equator
∴ The value of ‘g’ is more at poles = (9.9 m/s2) and less at equator = (9.8 m/s2)
Calculation of value of g
g= G(M/R2
G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
M = 6 × 1024 kg (Mass of the earth)
R = 6.4 × 106 m
On substituting the given values
Motion of objects under the influence of gravity ‘g’ does not depend on the mass of the body. All objects small, big, heavy, light, hollow or solid fall at same rate. - The three equations of motion viz.
(i) v = u + at
(ii) s = ut + (1/2) at2
(iii) v2 – u2 = 2as are true for motion of objects under gravity. For free fall, value of acceleration a = g = 9.8 ms–2. - If an object is just let fall from a height then in that case u = 0 and a = g = 9.8 m/s2.
- If an object is projected vertically upward with an initial velocity u, then a = – g = – 9.8 ms–2 and the object will go to a maximum height h where its final velocity becomes zero (i.e., v = 0).
- Mass
Mass of an object is the measure of its inertia. It is the matter present in it. It remains the same everywhere in the universe. - Weight
The force of attraction of the earth on the object is known as the weight of the object. Its S.I. unit is Newton.
W = m × g
The weight of an object can change from one place to the other, from one planet to the other.
Weight of an object on moon is given by the formula
Wm = weight of an object on moon
Mm = Mass of the moon = 7.36 x 1022
Rm = radius of the moon = 1.74 x 106
G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Wm = 1.474 × 1010 G × m
and We = 1.474 × 1011 G × m
∴
∴ Weight of an object on moon = (1/6) th the weight of an object on the earth. - Thrust
It is the net force applied in a particular direction. Its S.I. unit is N. - Pressure
It is the force per unit area.
Pressure = thrust / area , S.I unit = N/m2 = Pascal (pa) - Pressure in fluids
All liquids and gases are fluids, as they can flow.
The pressure exerted by a fluid is transmitted in all direction. - Buoyancy
The upward force exerted by water (fluid) on the body is known as upthrust or buoyancy.
The magnitude of the buoyant force depends on the density of the fluid.A − Wooden block
B1 − Beaker with tap water
B2 − Beaker with salty water
The buoyant force exerted in B2 is more as compared to B1. It is because the density of B2 water is more.
The object may float, sink or remain half submerged and half above water, the density of the fluid and object decides this.
– If the density of object is less than the fluid, then it will float on the liquid.
– If the density of object is more than the fluid, then it will sink in the liquid.
– If the density of object is same as the density of fluid, then it will half float and half sink. - Archimedes’ Principle
When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it. - Its applications are:
(i) Used in designing ships and submarines,
(ii) In lactometers to find purity of milk.
(iii) In hydrometer to determine density of liquid. - Relative Density
Relative density = density of substance / density of water
It has no unit.
...(iv)
A − Wooden block
The document Gravitation Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 9 is a part of the Class 9 Course Science Class 9.
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FAQs on Gravitation Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 9
| 1. What is the concept of gravitation? |  |
Ans. Gravitation is the force of attraction that exists between any two objects with mass. It is responsible for keeping objects on the Earth's surface and planets in their orbits around the Sun.
| 2. What is the importance of studying gravitation? | |
Ans. Studying gravitation is important as it helps us understand the fundamental force that governs the motion of celestial bodies in the universe. It also helps in explaining various natural phenomena like the tides, the motion of planets, and the formation of galaxies.
| 3. How does the mass of an object affect the force of gravitation? | |
Ans. The force of gravitation between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses. In simple terms, the more massive an object is, the stronger its gravitational pull will be.
| 4. Does the distance between two objects affect the force of gravitation? | |
Ans. Yes, the force of gravitation between two objects decreases with an increase in the distance between them. It follows an inverse square law, meaning that if the distance is doubled, the force becomes one-fourth of its original value.
| 5. How does the gravitational force affect the motion of objects? | |
Ans. The gravitational force affects the motion of objects by pulling them towards each other. It causes objects to accelerate towards each other, resulting in various motions like falling, orbiting, or revolving around a common center of mass.
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