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REVERSE OSMOSIS AND WATER PURIFICATION
The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side.
That is, now the pure solvent flows out of the solution through the semipermeable membrane. This phenomenon is called reverse osmosis and is of great practical utility.
Reverse Osmosis & Water Purification | Additional Study Material for JEEReverse Osmosis & Water Purification | Additional Study Material for JEE

  • Reverse osmosis is used in desalination of seawater.
    Reverse Osmosis & Water Purification | Additional Study Material for JEE
  • When pressure more than osmotic pressure is applied, pure water is squeezed out of the sea water through the membrane.
  • A variety of polymer membranes are available for this purpose. A schematic set up for the process. 
  • Reverse osmosis occurs when a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution.
  • The pressure required for the reverse osmosis is quite high. 
  • A workable porous membrane is a film of cellulose acetate placed over a suitable support. 
  • Cellulose acetate is permeable to water but impermeable to impurities and ions present in sea water. These days many countries use desalination plants to meet their potable water requirements.
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FAQs on Reverse Osmosis & Water Purification - Additional Study Material for JEE

1. What is reverse osmosis and how does it work in water purification?
Ans. Reverse osmosis is a water purification process that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove impurities from water. In this process, water is forced through the membrane under pressure, allowing only pure water molecules to pass through, while contaminants are left behind.
2. What are the benefits of using reverse osmosis for water purification?
Ans. Reverse osmosis offers several benefits for water purification. It effectively removes a wide range of contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, dissolved salts, heavy metals, and chemicals. It improves the taste, odor, and appearance of water, making it safe and pleasant to drink. Additionally, reverse osmosis is a cost-effective and energy-efficient method for obtaining clean and purified water.
3. Is reverse osmosis suitable for all types of water sources?
Ans. Reverse osmosis is highly effective in treating various water sources, including tap water, well water, and brackish water. However, it may not be suitable for water sources with high levels of certain contaminants, such as certain types of organic chemicals or certain bacteria. In such cases, additional treatment methods may be required to achieve optimal water quality.
4. How often should the reverse osmosis membrane be replaced?
Ans. The lifespan of a reverse osmosis membrane depends on various factors, including water quality, usage, and maintenance. Generally, the membrane should be replaced every 2-3 years. However, regular monitoring of water quality and performance is essential, and if there is a significant decrease in water production or an increase in contaminants, it may indicate the need for membrane replacement.
5. Are there any drawbacks or limitations of using reverse osmosis for water purification?
Ans. While reverse osmosis is an effective water purification method, it does have some limitations. It tends to waste a significant amount of water during the process, typically producing 3-4 liters of wastewater for every liter of purified water. Additionally, reverse osmosis removes minerals from water, which can affect its taste and nutritional value. However, these limitations can be addressed through proper system design and the use of remineralization techniques.
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