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Which statement is correct for bacterial transduction :-[CBSE-2002]a)Transfer of some genes from one bacteria to another bacteria through virusb)Transfer of genes from one bacteria to another bacteria by conjugationc)Bacteria obtained its DNA directlyd)Bacteria obtained DNA from other external sourceCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Ref: https://edurev.in/question/673727/Which-statement-is-correct-for-bacterial-transduction-CBSE-2002-a-Transfer-of-some-genes-from-one-b
What is Bacterial Transduction?
Bacterial transduction, or simply transduction, is a type of gene transfer where a bacterium transfers its DNA (or a portion of it) to another bacterium (that is not its offspring) by using a virus as a vector . Unlike other processes of gene transfer like horizontal gene transfer and conjugation, transduction does not require the physical contact between the host cell and the cell that will donate the DNA.
In viruses , transduction occurs through either the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle, depending on the type of virus itself.
During the lytic cycle, the virus penetrates through the penetration of the cell membrane and DNA replication process whereas during the lysogenic cycle, the virus fuses its DNA with the host.
Discovery of Transduction
The discovery of the process of transduction was traced back in 1952 when scientists Norton Zinder and Joshua Lederberg were studying the recombination in the bacterium
Salmonella typhimurium. The researchers grew two different strains of the bacterium (one was
met− his− , and the other was phe−
trp− tyr− ) on a medium with less nutritional components and when observed, no wild-type was found. Zinder and Lederberg, however, found out that when the two bacteria were combined, wild-type cells appeared.
However, the researchers also found some “recombinants ” (organisms with one or more segments or genes have been inserted into their DNA) in the culture.
By preventing cell contact with filters of varying sizes, the researchers found the one responsible for the rise of the recombinants–a temperate bacteriophage of Salmonella .
So instead of confirming the conjugation in the bacterium, the researchers discovered a new process of gene transfer in organisms, and this time, mediated by a virus.
Types of Transduction
While transduction is very common among bacteria, there are actually two kinds: generalized and specialized tranduction. The two are further Types of Transduction
While transduction is very common among bacteria, there are actually two kinds: generalized and specialized tranduction. The two are further
1. Generalized Transduction (Lytic Cycle)
This is a method of transduction that allows genes to be transferred from one bacterium to the other. This happens when a virus accidentally transfers its genetic material, the same way it infects animal cells & plant cells , and other bacterial cells.
Virus (or bacterial phages, in this case) cannot replicate their own DNA; thus, they infect a host cell and take over the machinery to replicate their own. When it is done, parts of the virus are aggregated and released to infect other cells.
To complete the process, parts of the host chromosomes must be destroyed and needs to be reassembled for the viral DNA to be inserted.
Due to random chances of infection, the viral DNA is not inserted but the DNA of its previous host bacterial cell. And if any recombination happens in the cell with the new set of genes that is when you call the process of generalized transduction.
This type of transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of the virus where it invades and incorporates its own DNA to the host’s. Eventually, the virus will kill its host by bursting the cell (hence
lysis ). New viral cells are then ready to infect other cells.
2. Specialized Transduction (Lysogenic Cycle)
As it name suggests, this kind of transduction involves the specific insertion of the viral DNA to the host cell.
Specialized transduction occurs in the life cycle of the virus and involves an additional phase that somehow is different from the typical life cycle. In particular, it occurs during the lysogenic sequence of viral infection.
As a result, a specific spot on the host’s chromosome gets inserted with bacterial chromosome.
In order to complete the cycle, the virus then re-undergoes the lytic cycle in order to transfer the genes to a new cell.
In contrast with generalized transduction, the viral DNA do not immediately kills the host cell. Instead, it goes dormant as it inserts its own DNA to the host and allows it to grow while the viral DNA gets replicated. Soon, the virus will reactivate its machinery and eventually kill the
host.
Applications of Bacterial Transduction
The process of bacterial transduction is very essential not only for bacteria and viruses but for living organisms in general. Below are the reasons why.
1. Mapping of Bacterial Genes
The amount of DNA packaged inside the head of the virus is largely dependent on the size of the head itself. The cutting of the host chromosome is done randomly, with all genes having the same probability of being packaged and transmitted to the vector.
Hence, the closer the genes are to each other, the higher chance of them being packaged in the same fragment of DNA.
Thus, bacterial genes can be mapped by calculating their frequencies of being transduced.
2. Contributes To The Increase of Genetic Diversity
The process of bacterial transduction generally increases genetic diversity. This is very important as it allows organisms to adapt to any changes in their environment.
Gene recombination is also one of the fundamental cores of the very process of evolution .
3. Serves As A Key To Antibiotic Resistance
At present, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is becoming widespread. Transduction is specifically important as it can explain the mechanism by which antibiotics become ineffective because of the transfer of the genes among bacteria.
A lot of present studies are now gearing towards combating this phenomenon. 
FAQs on Transduction for you - NEET
| 1. What is the meaning of NEET? |  |
Ans. NEET stands for the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test. It is a competitive exam conducted in India for students aspiring to pursue undergraduate medical courses, such as MBBS and BDS.
| 2. How can I apply for the NEET exam? | |
Ans. To apply for the NEET exam, you need to visit the official website of the National Testing Agency (NTA), which is the conducting body for NEET. The application process is usually online, and you will need to fill in the required information, upload necessary documents, and pay the application fee as per the instructions provided on the website.
| 3. What is the syllabus for the NEET exam? | |
Ans. The NEET exam syllabus includes topics from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (Botany and Zoology) based on the curriculum of Classes 11 and 12 of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). It covers a wide range of topics, including mechanics, organic chemistry, genetics, and more. It is recommended to refer to the official NEET website or the information bulletin for a detailed and updated syllabus.
| 4. Is NEET the only entrance exam for medical courses in India? | |
Ans. No, NEET is not the only entrance exam for medical courses in India, but it is the most common and widely accepted one. Some states conduct their separate entrance exams for admission to medical courses within their state. However, NEET is mandatory for admission to all medical and dental colleges in the country, including both government and private institutions.
| 5. How is the NEET exam conducted? | |
Ans. The NEET exam is conducted in offline mode (pen and paper-based). It consists of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) where candidates have to choose the correct answer from the given options. The exam is held for a duration of 3 hours and includes 180 questions, with 45 questions each from Physics, Chemistry, Botany, and Zoology. Each correct answer carries 4 marks, while 1 mark is deducted for each incorrect answer. The exam is conducted in various centers across India on a specified date announced by the NTA.
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