Coulomb’s Law - Class 12 PDF Download

Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb’s Law gives an idea about the force between two point charges. By the word point charge, we mean that in physics, the size of linear charged bodies is very small as against the distance between them. Therefore, we consider them as point charges as it becomes easy for us to calculate the force of attraction/ repulsion between them.

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, a French physicist in 1784, measured the force between two point charges and he came up with the theory that the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges. He also found that this force is directly proportional to the product of charges (magnitudes only).

We can show it with the following explanation. Let’s say that there are two charges q₁and q_2. The distance between the charges is ‘r’, and the force of attraction/repulsion between them is ‘F’. Then

F  ∝ q₁q₂

Or, F  ∝  1/r²

F  = k q₁q₂/ r²

where k is proportionality constant and equals to 1/4 π ε₀. Here, ε₀ is the epsilon naught and it signifies permittivity of a vacuum. The value of k comes 9 × 10⁹ Nm²/ C²when we take the S.I unit of value of ε₀ is 8.854 × 10^-12 C² N^-1 m^-2.

According to this theory, like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. This means charges of same sign will push each other with repulsive forces while charges with opposite signs will pull each other with attractive force.

Vector Form of Coulomb’s Law

The physical quantities are of two types namely scalars (with the only magnitude) and vectors (those quantities with magnitude and direction). Force is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude and direction. The Coulomb’s law can be re-written in the form of vectors. Remember we denote the vector “F” as F, vector r as r and so on.

Let there be two charges q₁ and q₂, with position vectors r₁ and r₂ respectively. Now, since both the charges are of the same sign, there will be a repulsive force between them. Let the force on the q₁ charge due to q₂ be F₁₂ and force on q₂ charge due to q₁charge be F₂₁. The corresponding vector from q₁ to q₂ is r₂₁ vector.

r₂₁ = r₂ – r₁

To denote the direction of a vector from position vector r₁ to  r₂ , and from r₂ to r₁ as:

Now, the force on charge q₂ due to q₁, in vector form is:

The above equation is the vector form of Coulomb’s Law.

Remarks on Vector Form of Coulomb’s Law

While applying Coulomb’s Law to find out the force between two point charges, we have to be careful of the following remarks. The vector form of the equation is independent of signs of both the charges, as both the forces are opposite in nature.

The repulsive force F₁₂ , that is the force on charge q₁ due to q₂ and another repulsive force F₂₁ that is the force on charge q₂ due to q₁ are opposite in signs, due to change in position vector.

F₁₂ = – F₂₁

This is because the position vector in case of force F₁₂ is r₁₂ and position vector in case of force F₂₁ is r₂₁, now

r₂₁ = r₂ – r₁

r₁₂ = r₁ – r₂

Since both r₂₁ and r₁₂ are opposite in signs, they make forces of opposite signs too. This proves that Coulomb’s Law fits into Newton’s Third Law i.e. every action has its equal and opposite reaction. Coulomb’s Law provides the force between two charges when they’re present in a vacuum. This is because charges are free in a vacuum and don’t get interference from other matter or particles.

Limitations of Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb’s Law is derived under certain assumptions and can’t be used freely like other general formulas. The law is limited to following points:

• We can use the formula if the charges are static ( in rest position)
• The formula is easy to use while dealing with charges of regular and smooth shape, and it becomes too complex to deal with charges having irregular shapes
• The formula is only valid when the solvent molecules between the particle are sufficiently larger than both the charges