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Tricks on Plant Breeding - NEET PDF Download
PLANT BREEDING
Plant breeding is the manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yields and are disease resistance.
Plant breeding is done to-
- Increase crop yield.
- Improve quality.
- Increase tolerance to environmental stresses.
- Make the plants resistant to pathogens.
- Increase tolerance to insect pest.
Steps in plant breeding technique
1. Collection of genetic variability or germplasm
- Collection and preservation of all the different wild species and relatives of the cultivated species.
- Evaluation of their characters.
- The entire collection having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
2. Evaluation and selection of parents
- The germplasm is evaluated to identify plants with desirable combination of characters.
- The selected plants are multiplied and used in hybridization.
- Pure line is created wherever desirable and possible.
3. Cross hybridization among the selected parents
- Cross hybrisdisation of two selected parents by emasculation and bagging, to produce hybrids of combined character of both parents. For example- high protein quality of one parent may need to be combined with disease resistant from another parent.
- Usually one in few hundred to a thousand crosses offspring’s shows desirable combinations.
4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants
- Selection is done from the progeny of hybrids produced by cross hybridization.
- Hybrids plants that are superior to both of the parents are selected.
- Hybrids are self pollinated for several generations till they reach a state of homozygosity.
5. Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars
- Selected pure lines are evaluated in the research field for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance etc.
- Testing is done in the fields of farmers at least for three generations.
- The material is compared with best available local crop cultivar.
FAQs on Tricks on Plant Breeding - NEET
| 1. What is plant breeding? |  |
Ans. Plant breeding is a scientific process that involves manipulating the genetic traits of plants to create new and improved varieties. It aims to develop plants with desirable characteristics such as higher yield, disease resistance, improved quality, and adaptability to different environments.
| 2. What are the goals of plant breeding? | |
Ans. The primary goals of plant breeding are to enhance crop productivity, improve nutritional value, increase resistance to pests and diseases, and develop cultivars that are adapted to specific environmental conditions. Additionally, plant breeding also focuses on developing plants with improved tolerance to abiotic stresses like drought, heat, and salinity.
| 3. How is plant breeding carried out? | |
Ans. Plant breeding involves several techniques, including selection, hybridization, and genetic engineering. Selection is the process of choosing plants with desirable traits from a population and breeding them to produce the next generation. Hybridization involves crossing two different plants to combine their desirable traits in the offspring. Genetic engineering refers to the introduction of specific genes into plants to confer desired traits.
| 4. What are the challenges in plant breeding? | |
Ans. Plant breeding faces various challenges, such as the complexity of traits controlled by multiple genes, long breeding cycles, and limited genetic diversity in crop species. Additionally, the potential risks associated with genetic engineering, such as unintended effects on the environment and human health, also pose challenges to plant breeders.
| 5. What are the benefits of plant breeding? | |
Ans. Plant breeding plays a crucial role in ensuring food security by developing high-yielding and disease-resistant crop varieties. It also helps in improving the nutritional quality of crops, adapting them to changing climatic conditions, and reducing the dependence on pesticides and fertilizers. Furthermore, plant breeding contributes to sustainable agriculture practices and supports the economic growth of farmers and agricultural industries.
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