Q.1. What is meant by presentation of data?
Ans. The presentation of data means arranging and displaying collected information in a clear and attractive manner so that it can be easily understood, compared and analysed. It may use text, tables, diagrams or graphs to highlight important features, trends and relationships in the data.
Q.2. When is it suitable to use textual presentation of data?
Ans. Textual presentation is suitable when the volume of data is small or when a brief descriptive explanation is needed. It works well for emphasising a few important facts or for providing supportive statements alongside numerical details.
Q.3. What is a table?
Ans. A table is the organisation of data in rows and columns so that each value can be located by its row heading and column heading. This arrangement makes comparison, reading and simple calculations easier-for example, a table showing students' marks in different subjects.
Q.4. Define tabulation?
Ans. Tabulation is the orderly and systematic arrangement of raw data into a table. It organises numerical information under clear headings and stubs so that patterns, comparisons and statistical calculations become easier to perform and interpret.
Q.5. Name the classifying variable in temporal classification.
Ans. Time is the classifying variable in temporal classification, because observations are grouped according to time periods such as years, months or days to study changes over time.
Q.6. Give the examples of classifying variables in spatial classification.
Ans. In spatial classification the classifying variable is location. Examples include village, district, state and country; data are grouped by geographical units to compare regions or places.
Q.7. List the main components of a table.
Ans. The main components of a table are:
(i) Table number - an identifier for reference.
(ii) Title - a concise description of what the table shows.
(iii) Captions or column headings - labels for each column indicating what the column values represent.
(iv) Stubs or row headings - labels for each row identifying the row items.
(v) Body of the table - the cells containing the actual data values.
(vi) Unit of measurement - the unit used (for example, rupees, persons, tonnes) stated clearly.
(vii) Source note - the origin of the data cited below the table.
(viii) Footnote - additional explanations or clarifications, if required.
Q.8. Write a feature of the 'title' of a table.
Ans. The title of a table should be clear, brief and carefully chosen so that the reader immediately understands what the table represents. It should mention the subject, and where appropriate the time period and place, while avoiding abbreviations.
Q.9. Give another name for column and row heading in the table.
Ans. Column heading is also known as caption and row heading is also known as stub. Captions label each column; stubs label each row.
Q.10. How is the location of a figure determined in a table?
Ans. The location of a figure in a table is determined by the intersection of a specific row and column. A figure is identified by its row heading (stub) and its column caption, which together pinpoint its exact position.
Q.11. State the advantages and disadvantages of textual presentation of data.
Ans. Advantages of Textual Presentation of Data
(i) It provides useful and supportive evidence to the text when the volume of data is small.
(ii) It enables the presenter to emphasise important points and add brief comments or interpretations.
Disadvantage of Textual Presentation of Data
(i) It can be time-consuming to extract facts because one must read through the entire text; it becomes unwieldy when the data set is large.
Q.12. Write the important features of tabulation.
Ans. The important features of tabulation are as below:
(i) It organises raw data into a definite form, making the information orderly and clear.
(ii) It makes data comparable by placing related items side by side under common headings.
(iii) It facilitates calculation of statistical measures and further data analysis.
(iv) It clearly indicates the main characteristics and patterns present in the data.
Q.13. Explain the various types of tables.
Ans. The various types of tables are explained below:
(i) One-way Table: This type of table presents a single characteristic of the data. For example, a table showing the number of students in a college by course.
(ii) Two-way Table: It presents two characteristics simultaneously. For example, a table showing the male and female population of a village by age group.
(iii) Three-way Table: This table presents three characteristics of the data together. For example, a table showing population of a village classified by age, gender and level of education.
Q.14. What are the features of a good table?
Ans. The following are the important features of a good table:
(i) The title of the table should accurately reflect the subject of study.
(ii) Row and column headings should be clear and include units of measurement where needed.
(iii) No abbreviations or short-forms should be used in the title or headings (for example, use "Government" instead of "govt.").
(iv) Footnotes should be added where additional explanation is required.
(v) Combined totals for every column and row should be provided where relevant.
(vi) Complete information about numerical accuracy (for example, the number of decimal places) should be stated.
(vii) The source of data should always be mentioned below the table.
(viii) The table should be simple, well-structured and easy to understand.
Q.15. What is diagrammatic presentation of data?
Ans. In diagrammatic presentation, data are shown in the form of diagrams, figures or graphs so that the information can be grasped quickly. Common diagrams include bar charts, pie charts and line graphs, which help to illustrate comparisons, proportions and trends visually.
