Ans: In India, the number of women involved in politics has significantly increased in the past few years. The increasing number of women running for office, holding elected positions, and actively participating in decision-making processes at all levels of government is evidence of this growing trend.
Ans: (a)
Women around the world have indeed organized themselves to fight for equal rights, which is stated in Assertion (A). The Reason (R) highlights that the women's movement also focused on achieving equality in personal and family life, supporting the idea that their activism encompassed various aspects of life, including social, economic, and personal rights. Since both statements are true and one explains the other, option (a) is the correct choice.
Q3: "Women face discrimination in various ways in our society" Explain any two ways. (CBSE 2023)
Ans: Two ways in which women face discrimination in our society are:
Q4: Which one of the following matters do not deal with the 'Family Laws?' (2023)
(a) Marriage
(b) Adoption
(c) Inheritance
(d) Finance
Ans: (d)
Family laws typically cover personal matters related to family life, such as marriage, adoption, and inheritance. These laws focus on how families are structured and how issues like property and custody are handled. However, finance relates to money management and economic matters, which are not specifically included in family laws, making it the correct answer.
Q5: How has caste system in modern India undergone great change? Explain. (2023)
Ans: (i) Communalism is a situation when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions. When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
(ii) Various forms of communalism in politics:
(a) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs and practices.
(b) Practice of political dominance of one’s own religious community over others.
(c) Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols by religious leaders, emotional appeals to spread fear.
Q6: Suggest any one way to protect women from domestic oppression. (2020)
View AnswerAns: Women can take help from NGO or Mahila Aayog.
Q7: Suggest any one way to pay equal wages to women in all areas of work as men. (2020)
Ans: Better implemention of 'Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 which provide equal wages to be paid to equal work.
Q8: What percentage of reservation is given to women in local administration in India? (2020)
Ans: 33% or one-third of reservation is given to women in local administration in India. This reservation is provided to ensure adequate representation of women in decision-making bodies at the grassroots level, such as Panchayats and Municipalities.
Q9: Suggest any one way to increase the participation of women in the legislative domain of India. (2020 C)
Ans: One way to solve this problem is to make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected as well as nominated bodies.
Q10: Describe the problems of low representation of women in Indian legislature. (2020)
Ans:
Q11: Describe the ways of discrimination faced by women in India. (2020)
OR
"Women still lag much behind men in India despite some improvements since independence" Analyse the statement. (Delhi 2019)
Ans: In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvements since Independence. Women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways :
(i) The literacy rate among women is only 64.60 per cent as compared with 80.90 per cent among men (2011 data).
(ii) Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. Girls are performing as well as boys in school. But they drop out because parents prefer to spend their resources for their boy’s education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters.
(iii) The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day.
(iv) In some parts of India, parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. Such sex selective abortion has led to a decline in child sex ratio.
(v) Women often face harassment, exploitation and violence on the domestic front.
Q12: Suggest any one way to create communal harmony among various communities of India. (2020)
Ans: Spread awareness about unity and integrity.
Q13: Suggest any one way to change 'family laws' of all religions. (CBSE 2020)
Ans: Enforcement of dowry prohibition act can bring a remarkable change in the family law of all religions.
Q14: Fill in the blank: The Indian Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practise and propagate any religion because of ____ . (2020)
Ans: The Indian Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practise and propagate any religion because of secularism. Secularism is one of the fundamental principles of the Indian Constitution, which ensures that the state remains neutral in matters of religion and treats all religions equally. This allows individuals and communities to freely exercise their religious beliefs without any discrimination or interference from the state.
Q15: Describe any three problems of communalism in Indian politics. (2020)
Ans: Problems of communalism in Indian politics.
(i) Communalism routinely involves religious prejudices, stereotypes of religions communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions.
(ii) For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
(iii) Communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of partition. The post-independence period has also seen large scale communal violence.
Q16: Mention any three features of 'secularism’ described in the Indian Constitution. (2020)
OR
Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties, but it is one of the foundations of a country. Examine the statement. (2018)
Ans: The makers of our Constitution were aware of religion related challenge. That is why they chose the model of a secular state. The important provisions that makes India a secular state are :
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian states. Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in England, our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(ii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(iv) At the same time the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bansuntouchability.
Q17: 'Communalism can take various forms in politics'. Explain. (2020)
OR
What form does communalism take in politics? (2015)
Q18: "Caste system is still prevalent in the Indian society.” Suggest any one measure to abolish it. (2020)
Ans: One measure to abolish caste system is increasing the literacy rates in our country.
Q19: "Sometimes elections are all about caste in India.” How can this situation be avoided? (2020)
Ans: Proper laws should be passed to separate elections from casteism.
Q20: Fill in the blank: Castes and Caste system in modern India have undergone a great change because____ . (2020)
Ans: Occupational mobility/implementation of laws.
Q21: Describe the influence of Politics in the Caste system. (2020 C)
Ans: Caste matters in electoral politics, but it is not the sole determining factor. Other factors such as economic condition and gender also play a role. People from the same caste can have different interests based on their economic status. This results in differences in voting patterns within the same caste. Caste groups may also form coalitions, leading to the emergence of new caste groups such as "backward" and "forward."
Q22: Mention the problem of 'Casteism' in Indian politics. (2020)
Ans: Problems of casteism in India:
(i) There is discrimination between upper and lower castes. Still there is wide gap and difference between different castes.
(ii) Upper castes still enjoy respectable position in the society.
(iii) Political leaders contest election on the name of castes, for the vote bank.
Q23: "Gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes." Support the statement. (2019 C, 2015)
Ans: (i) Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division based on social expectation and stereotypes.
(ii) Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibilities of women is house work and bringing up children.
(iii) There is a sexual division of labour in most families where women do all the household chores and men work outside the home.
(iv) Majority of women may do some paid work in addition of domestic labour both in rural and Urban areas but their work is not valued and does not get recognition.
Q24: Explain any five methods to raise the political representation of women in India. (AI 2019)
Ans:
A bill for providing one-third reservation in the Lok Sabha i and State Assemblies has been pending in the Parliament for more than a decade. Political parties are yet to arrive at consensus on this issue.
Q25: "Politics and social divisions should not be allowed to mix.” Justify the statement. (AI 2019)
Ans: It is absolutely correct to say that politics and social divisions should not be allowed to mix. This is because:
(i) It can make social divisions into political division and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.
(ii) In Northern Ireland, there has been a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict for many years.
(iii) It caused disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries. ln Sri Lanka, when the ethno-social difference between Sinhalas and Tamils were politicised, the result was the Civil War in the country.
Q26: Examine the different forms of ‘Casteism’ in Indian politics. (2019 C)
Ans: Different forms of casteism in Indian politics:
Q27: What does the term ‘Scheduled’ denotes in ‘Scheduled castes’ and ‘Scheduled tribes’ ? (CBSE 2019)
Ans: These groups include hundreds of castes or tribes whose names are listed in an official Schedule in the Indian Constitution. Hence, they are called Scheduled.
Q28: Read the following information and write a single term for it. The Constitution of India provides freedom to profess and practice any religion to all its citizens. The Constitution of India prohibits discrimination on religious grounds.
Ans: The Constitution of India promotes secularism.
Q29: “Caste system is still prevalent in the Indian society.” Suggest any one measure to abolish it. (CBSE 2019)
Ans: Casteism can be abolished by providing educational, employment opportunities and health facilities to all the citizens of the country without any prejudice of discrimination.
Q30: ‘‘Sexual division of labour is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.’’ Support the statement. (CBSE 2019)
Ans: Sexual division is not based on biology. This can be asserted as follows:
(1) Women are believed to do housework and look after children and take important decisions, keeping the family’s wellbeing in mind but they are stopped from assuming decision making roles because they are believed to be emotional.
(2) Traditional roles of women have been successfully performed by men in recent times and vice versa.
(3) Role of women in public life, especially in politics is minimal because it is believed that they are weak and cannot handle the stress.
(4) Only men were allowed to work in public affairs, until recently.
(5) Women are not given equal opportunities to prove themselves outside of their physiological differences. Despite the fact that genders differ biologically, cultural norms, traditions, and expectations have a greater influence on how roles and duties are assigned in society than do innate biological characteristics.
Q31: “In India, women still lag behind men despite some improvement since Independence.” Support the statement with examples. (CBSE 2019, 13, 11)
Ans: In India, women lag behind men in various fields and sectors including political participation:
(1) Women legislators in our parliament are lower than in most of the other democracies. India is placed among the bottom few countries in the world.
(2) Women have less knowledge about their rights and duties as a citizen. The literacy rate of women is much lower than men in our country.
(3) They also face discrimination in terms of economic and social opportunity.
(4) The proportion of women working in influential positions in famous companies is comparatively lower than that of men.
(5) Women are paid less than their counterparts despite working equally hard.
Q32: Women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways even today. Assess the statement by giving five suitable arguments. (CBSE 2018)
Ans: (i) Education :
(a) Women are deprived of an equal access to education. Thus, the literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent as compared to 76 per cent among men.
(b) A smaller proportion of girl students go for higher education because in spite of their better performance parents prefer to spend their resources on son’s higher education.
(ii) The number of women on highly paid jobs is less than men.
(iii) In spite of the Equal Remuneration Act 1976, women are paid less than men even when both do exactly the same work.
(iv) Parents prefer sons and get girl child aborted before she is born. This has led to decline in child sex ratio to merely 919 (2011 census).
(v) Women are exploited by their employers. They are sexually assaulted do not. They feel safe during journey at night. They are subjected to various forms of domestic-violence such as beating and harassment.
Q33: What is a secular state ? Explain factors which make India a secular state. (CBSE 2016-17)
Or
“Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties or persons, but it is one of the foundations of our country.” Examine the statement. (CBSE 2018)
Ans: (a) A secular state is a concept of secularism, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. It grants equal status to all religions.
(b) (i) There is no official religion in India like Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
(ii) The Constitution grants every individual freedom to profess, preach and practice their own religion.
(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
(iv) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example it bans untouchability.
Thus our Constitution makers choose the model of a secular state. It is one of the foundations of our country.
Q34: Describe any three factors that are responsible for breaking down the caste system in India. (CBSE 2018)
Ans: Three factors that are responsible for breaking down of caste system in India:
(1) Reformers: Social reformers like Gandhiji and B.R. Ambedkar advocated for a classless/casteless society and worked for it to establish it.
(2) Socio-economic changes: Another factor for breaking down the caste system in India includes some socio-economic changes like urbanisation, growth of literacy, breaking caste based prejudice by education.
(3) The Constitution of India: It prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies like the reservation to reverse the injustice of the caste system.
Q35: Describe the solution provided by the Constitution framers of India to meet the challenge of communalism. (CBSE 2018)
Ans: The makers of our Constitution were aware of the challenge of communalism. The model of secular state was chosen to prevent these conflicts. This choice was reflected in several constitutional provisions like:
(1) There is no official religion for the Indian state.
(2) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
(3) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. (4) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
Ans: (a) Gender division and how is it practised ? : It is a form of hierarchial social division. Generally, it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes as mentioned below :
(i) Women do the iyork inside the house such as cooking.
(ii) Men do all the work outside the home.
(iii) Men do the work such as cooking if these are paid for.
(iv) In urban area women work in offices in addition to their domestic work. But their work do not get recognition.
(b) Consequences :
(i) The role of women has been minimal in politics.
(ii) Thus women began organising themselves, leading to the rise of feminist movements.
(iii) These movements demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities.
Q37: How can communalism take various forms in politics ? Explain. (CBSE 2016-17)
Ans: (i) Majoritarian dominance: A majority community tries to dominate other communities in politics. This may compel the minority community to form a separate political unit. The example in Sri Lanka and Yugoslavia or India and Pakistan.
(ii) Religious appeals are made to voters to attract their votes. Sometimes sacred symbols and religious leaders are used to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena.
(iii) Sometimes communalism takes most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of the partition. Even after independence, riots on communal lines have taken place in India.
Q38: Explain reasons for the declining of caste system in India. (CBSE 2016-17)
Or
Assess the circumstances prevalent in contemporary India which are responsible for bringing about a change in the caste system.
Ans: (i) In urban areas people do not bother about castes and travel in the bus, metro along with others.
(ii) The economic condition of lower castes has improved. They live in areas where people of upper castes live in the cities.
(iii) Now people of lower class shift/change their profession according to their qualifications and experience. They do not follow the occupations of their ancestors.
(iv) The Constitution too prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste etc. Untouchability has been abolished.
(v) The political leaders and social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, Mahatma Gandhi, BR Ambedkar played an important role in this direction. Gandhiji called untouchables ‘Harijana’
Q39: Discuss various forms of caste in polictics. (CBSE 2016-17)
Ans: (i) At the time of election, parties select their candidates on the basis of caste of the voters in a constituency to muster support to win election.
(ii) At the time of formation of government or Council of Ministers, effort is made to have representatives from all castes and communities.
(iii) During election campaign, appeals are made to voters to caste their vote in favour of the candidate of their own caste.
(iv) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support.
(v) Political parties are also formed on the basis of caste to attract the voters in the elections. The BSP in UP, DMK and AIDMK are examples o f such political parties.
Ans: Three such measures are:
(1) Women should be educated and made aware of their rights and responsibilities towards the society and the country.
(2) Women should be made self reliant and self independent.
(3) Women should be encouraged and promoted to positions of greater influence to encourage their participation.
Q41: Suppose a politician seeks your vote on the religious ground. Why is his act considered against the norms of democracy? Explain. (CBSE 2015)
Ans: His act is against the spirit of democracy as the said politician is not working as per the Constitution. This is also because:
(1) It also exploits the social difference.
(2) It may create social discard and may lead to social division.
(3) It is also biased and neglects the principle of equality.
Ans: The relationship between politics and religion can be beneficial:
(1) Influence of religion can make politics ethical.
(2) Religious communities can politically express their needs and interests. Politics can help ensure their freedom and equality.
(3) Political authorities can monitor and control religious oppression.
The relationship can be also problematic:
(1) Religion can lead to development of nationalist sentiments leading to birth of conflicts.
(2) Political parties use religion to make political gains by appeasing one and ignoring others.
(3) State power may be used to establish the domination of one religious group over another.
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