Present Perfect Tense | English Grammar Advanced - Class 10 PDF Download

Understanding the Present Perfect Tense

• The Present Perfect Tense is used to describe actions or habits that started in the past and continue to the present, as well as actions that have happened at some point in a person's life.
• It often answers the question of 'how long' and requires the words 'since' or 'for.'

Present Perfect Tense Formula for First Person Singular

The present perfect tense formula for First Person Singular is that the sentence starts with ‘I’ followed by  ‘have’, then the verb in its past participle form, followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the present perfect tense formula for First Person Singular is as follows: I + have + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) I have studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
मैंने पिछले दो महीनों से  परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) I have gone to work.
मैं काम पर जा चुका  हूं।

3) I have slept till late this weekend.
मैं इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोया हूँ|

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add have not before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

I + have not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) I have not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
मैंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है।

2) I have not gone to work.
मैं काम पर नहीं गया हूं।

3) I have not slept till late this weekend.
मैं इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोया हूं।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Have at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Have + I + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:
1) Have I studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या मैंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया है?

2) Have I gone to work?
क्या मैं काम करने गया हूँ?

3) Have I slept till late this weekend?
क्या मैं इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोया हूं?

Negative Interrogative Sentences 
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘have’ at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Have + I + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) Have I  not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या मैंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है?

2) Have I not gone to work?
क्या मैं काम पर नहीं गया हूँ?

3) Have I not slept till late this weekend?
क्या मैं इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोया हूँ?

Present Perfect Tense Formula for First Person Plural

The formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘We’ and ‘have’, then a verb in its past participle form followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the formula for present perfect tense for First Person Plural is as follows: We + have + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) We have studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
हमने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) We have gone to work.
हम काम पर गए हैं।

3) We have slept till late this weekend.
हम इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सो चुके हैं।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add have not before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

We + have not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the  First Person is Plural:

1) We have not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
हमने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है।

2) We have not gone to work.
हम काम पर नहीं गए हैं।

3) We have not slept till late this weekend.
हम इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोए हैं।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Have at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Have + we + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) Have we studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या हमने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है?

2) Have we gone to work?
क्या हम काम पर गए हैं?

3) Have we slept till late this weekend?
क्या हम इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोए हैं?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add have at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same.

Have + ‘we’ + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) Have we not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या हमने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत नहीं की है?

2) Have we not gone to work?
क्या हम काम पर नहीं गए हैं?

3) Have we not slept till late this weekend?
क्या हम इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोए हैं?

Present Perfect Tense Formula for Second Person

The formula for present perfect tense when there is a Second Person involved are that the sentence starts with ‘you’ and ‘have’, then a verb in its past participle form followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the formula for present perfect tense when a Second Person is involved is as follows:

You + have + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when a Second Person is involved:

1) You have studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
आपने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) You have gone to work.

आप काम पर गए हैं।

3) You have slept till late this weekend.
आप इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सो चुके हैं।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add have not  before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same: you + have not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when there is a second person involved:

1) You have not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
आपने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है।

2) You have not gone to work.
आप काम पर नहीं गए हैं।

3) You have not slept till late this weekend.
आप इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोए हैं।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Have at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Have + you + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when there is a Second Person Involved:
1) Have you studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या आपने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया है?

2) Have you gone to work?
क्या आप काम करने गए हैं?

3) Have you slept till late this weekend?
क्या आप इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सो गए हैं?

Negative Interrogative Sentences 
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add have/ has at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same.

Have + you + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when there is a second person involved:

1) Have you not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या आपने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है?

2) Have you not gone to work?
क्या आप काम करने नहीं गए हैं?

3) Have you not slept till late this weekend?
क्या आप इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोए हैं?

Present Perfect Tense Formula for Third Person Singular

The formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular are that the sentence starts with He, She, proper noun and ‘has’, then a verb in its past participle form followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for present perfect tense for Third Person Singular is as follows: He/ She/ Proper Nouns + has + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He has studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) Father has gone to work.
पिता काम पर गए हैं।

3) She has slept till late this weekend.
वह इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोया है।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add has not  before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

He/ She/ Proper Nouns + has not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He has not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा में कड़ी मेहनत नहीं की है।

2) Father has not gone to work.
पिता काम पर नहीं गए हैं।

3) She has not slept till late this weekend.
वह इस सप्ताह देर तक नहीं सोई  है।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Has at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Has + He/ She/ Proper Nouns + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Has he studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या उसने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है?

2) Has Father gone to work?
क्या पिता काम पर गए हैं?

3) Has she slept till late this weekend?
क्या वह इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोई है?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add has at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same.

Has +  He/ She/ Proper Nouns + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Has he not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या उसने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत नहीं की है?

2) Has Father not gone to work?
क्या पिता काम पर नहीं गए हैं?

3) Has she not slept till late this weekend?
क्या वह इस सप्ताह के अंत देर तक नहीं सोई है?

Present Perfect Tense Formula for Third Person Plural

The formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘They’ or common nouns and ‘have’, then a verb in its past participle form  followed by an object which is optional

So, we can say that the formula for present perfect tense for Third Person Plural is as follows: They/ Common Nouns + have + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They have studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) Girls have gone to work.
लड़कियां काम पर चली गई हैं।

3) Boys have slept till late this weekend.
लड़के इस सप्ताह के अंत  देर तक सोए हैं।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add have not  before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

They/ Common Nouns + have not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They have not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है।

2) Girls have not gone to work.
लड़कियां काम पर नहीं गई हैं।

3) Boys have not slept till late this weekend.
इस सप्ताहांत लड़के देर तक नहीं सोए हैं।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Have at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Have + They/ Common Nouns + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Have they studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है?         

2) Have girls gone to work?
क्या लड़कियां काम पर गई हैं?

3) Have boys slept till late this weekend?
क्या इस सप्ताह के अंत तक लड़के सो गए थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add have/ has at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same.

Have/ has + They/ Common Nouns + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Have they not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत नहीं की है?

2) Have girls not gone to work?
क्या लड़कियां काम पर नहीं गई हैं?

3) Have boys not slept till late this weekend?
क्या इस सप्ताह के अंत तक लड़कों को नींद नहीं आई है?

Q. Translate the following using the present perfect tense. The questions are followed by the answers.
1. क्या राधा ने फ़ोन नहीं किया है ?
2. धोबी ने कपड़े इस्त्री कर दिए हैं।

3. मैंने सफाई कर दी है।

4. क्या कार्यक्रम ख़त्म हो चुका  है ?

5. उन्होंने काम ख़त्म कर दिया है।

 Answers:
1. Has Radha not called up?
2. Dhobi has ironed clothes.
3. I have done cleaning.
4. Has the programme finished?
5. They have finished the work.