Class 12 Sociology: CBSE Sample Question Paper- Term I (2021-22) - 1 | CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Humanities - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Class - XII
Time: 90 minutes
Max. Marks: 40

General Instructions: 
1. The paper is divided into 3 sections.
2. Section A has 24 questions. Attempt any 20 questions.
3. Section B has 24 questions. Attempt any 20 questions.
4. Section C has 12 questions. Attempt any 10 questions.
5. All questions carry equal marks.
6. There is no negative marking.

Q.1: Which of the following are not the changes brought by colonialism to the caste system?
(a) Numbering and recording of castes through Census
(b) Land revenue settlements serving the upper castes’ customary rights
(c) Linking castes to traditional occupations
(d) Marking of schedules of castes for special treatment by the state

Correct Answer is Option (a)
It has been a defining feature of caste. Castes were traditionally linked to occupations.

Q.2: _________states often limit or abolish civil liberties. 
(a) Authoritarian
(b) Democratic
(c) Civil Society
(d) Libertarian

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.3: Which of the following does not stand for secularism?
(a) Separation of state and church 
(b) Not favouring a particular religion over the others 
(c) Progressive retreat of religion from the public life 
(d) Religious identity overriding everything else

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Religious identity overriding every other identity is feature of communalism and not secularism.

Q.4: To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the. 
(a) Constitution
(b) Parliament
(c) Supreme Court
(d) Legislature

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.5: “The theory of Demographic Transition suggests that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth.” 
Choose the incorrect statement about Demographic Transition Theory.
(a) The growth rate in phase I and phase II are high. 
(b) The growth rate in phase II is high due to low death rate. 
(c) The growth rate in phase I and phase III are low. 
(d) The growth rate in phase III is approximately same as in phase I.

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Option (A) is an incorrect statement (and the correct option) because both the phases have low population growth rate. The first phase is a characteristic of underdeveloped society, where growth rates are low because both the death rate and the birth rate are very high because the society is technologically backward. The third (and last) stage is a characteristic of a developed society where both death rate and birth rate have been reduced.

Q.6: _____is the most recent significant initiative of the civil society which makes the state accountable to the nation and its people. 
(a) MGNREGA 
(b) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
(c) RTI 
(d) National Health Policy

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.7: Stereotypes fix whole groups into single, _________ categories; they refuse to recognise the __________ across individuals and across contexts or across time.
(a) homogenous, variation
(b) heterogenous, similarities
(c) broad, similarities
(d) diverse, similarities

Correct Answer is Option (a)
Stereotypes treat an entire community as though it were a single person with a single all-encompassing trait or characteristic.

Q.8: People do not face discrimination and exclusion on the basis of
(a) Caste
(b) Class 
(c) Gender 
(d) Family system

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.9: ‘Sanskritisation’ refers to:
(a) The process by which members of a middle or lower caste attempt to raise their own social status by adopting the ritual, domestic and social practices of a higher caste
(b) The process of learning and acquiring Sanskrit language. 
(c) The process of becoming more ‘cultured’. 
(d) The process of giving up on one’s own culture by adopting a new culture.

Correct Answer is Option (a)
‘Sanskritisation’ refers to a process whereby members of a (usually middle or lower) caste attempt to raise their own social status by adopting the ritual, domestic and social practices of a caste (or castes) of higher status. The patterns for emulation chosen most often were the brahmin or kshatriya castes; practices included adopting vegetarianism, wearing of sacred thread, performance of specific prayers and religious ceremonies, and so on.

Q.10: The service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy are referred to as
(a) Dalit 
(b) Scheduled Tribes
(c) Bohras
(d) OBCs

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.11: “When we say that India is a nation of great cultural diversity, we mean that there are many different types of social groups and communities living here.” The term diversity stands for
(a) Inequalities rather than equalities 
(b) Differences rather than inequalities 
(c) Difference and inequality both 
(d) Neither difference nor inequality

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Cultural diversity means that there are different types of social groups and communities that may not necessarily be unequal.

Q.12: It was in the and spheres that caste has proved strongest. 
(a) Economic and technical
(b) Religious and technical
(c) Cultural and educational
(d) Cultural and domestic

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.13: “Famines were also a major and recurring source of increased mortality”.
Which of the following is not a cause of famines?
(a) Continuing poverty and malnutrition in agroclimatic environment 
(b) Inadequate means of transportation and communication 
(c) Failure of entitlements 
(d) Increasing birth rate

Correct Answer is Option (d)
The increase in the birth rate is not a cause of famines while the other three options are.

Q.14: How did the British try to understand the complexity of caste system? 
(a) Interview
(b) Survey
(c) Participant Observation
(d) Interview and Participant Observation

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Q.15: Which of the following statements is true about untouchability?
(a) The three dimensions of untouchability are exclusion, humiliation-subordination and exploitation. 
(b) Untouchability may also involve forced inclusion in a subordinated role. 
(c) Untouchability is found only in certain parts of India. 
(d) Both the statements (A) and (B) are correct.

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Besides the three dimensions of untouchability, it also involves forced inclusion of such as being compelled to play the drums at a religious event. Statement (C) is incorrect because untouchability is a pan-Indian phenomenon, although its specific forms and intensity vary considerably across regions and socio-historical contexts.

Q.16: The rate of natural increase is the difference between
(a) Birth rate and maternal mortality rate
(b) Maternal mortality rate and life expectancy
(c) Dependency ratio and death rate
(d) Birth rate and death rate

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.17: “The argument for a tribe-caste distinction was founded on an assumed cultural difference between Hindu castes, with their beliefs in purity and pollution and hierarchical integration, and ‘animist’ tribals with their more egalitarian and kinship-based modes of social organisation.” Which of the following is not a characteristic of tribal communities?
(a) Egalitarian organisation 
(b) Kinship based mode of social organisation 
(c) Animists 
(d) Organised religion

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Tribes lack organised religion.

Q.18: Unlike the death rate, _____ does not register a sharp fall because it is a socio-cultural phenomenon.
(a) Birth rate
(b) Maternal mortality rate
(c) Life expectancy
(d) Dependency ratio

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.19: “A nation is a peculiar community that is easy to describe but hard to define”
Which of the following is a correct statement about nation?
(a) It is a body that claims monopoly of legitimate force. 
(b) It is a political-legal institution. 
(c) Its ultimate source of legitimacy are the people who constitute it. 
(d) It claims control over a geographical territory.

Correct Answer is Option (c)
A nation derives its legitimacy from the people who constitute it. The other three options are characteristics of state.

Q.20: Which of the following factors is not responsible for the caste system to become invisible for the upper caste, urban middle and upper classes in the contemporary period? 
(a) Subsidised public education
(b) Expansion of state sector jobs after independence
(c) Opportunities offered by rapid development
(d) No inherited educational or economic capital

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.21: Which policy was introduced by the Government of India that could increase the child-sex ratio in the country?
(a) Beti-Bachao, Beti-Padhao 
(b) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 
(c) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 
(d) Mid-day Meal Programme

Correct Answer is Option (a)
The ‘Beti-Bachao, Beti-Padhao’ initiative was launched with a focus on multisectoral action in 100 selected districts low in child-sex ratio. It aims to prevent gender biased sex selective elimination, ensure survival and protection of the girl child and ensure education and participation of the girl child.

Q.22: India’s population is projected to increase from 1.2 billion today to an estimated 1.6 billion by 2050. This happens due to
(a) Population momentum
(b) Population explosion
(c) Population policy
(d) National Health Policy

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.23: Adivasi literally means:
(a) Forest inhabitants
(b) Ancient inhabitants
(c) Involuntary inhabitants
(d) Original inhabitants

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.24: There is a close relationship between disability and poverty. Identify the option that does not hold true in this context. 
(a) Malnutrition
(b) Frequent childbirth
(c) Inadequate immunisation
(d) High socio-economic status

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.25: The land reforms took away rights from the erstwhile claimants, the upper castes who were ______________ in the sense that they played no part in the agricultural economy other than claiming their rent.
(a) Tenants
(b) Absentee landlords
(c) Dominant caste
(d) Political leaders

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Absentee landlords were not themselves the cultivators, but were the erstwhile upper caste claimants of lands.

Q.26: A South American proverb says – “If hard labour were really such a good thing, the rich would keep it all for themselves!” What does this proverb imply? 
(a) Presence of social inclusion
(b) Presence of equality
(c) Presence of social stratification
(d) Presence of homogeneity

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.27: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): Malthus’s predictions were proved false. 
Reason (R): In the historical experience of Europe, both food production and standards of living continued to rise despite the rapid growth of population.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false and R is True

Correct Answer is Option (a)
Malthus’s predictions were proved false because both food production and standards of living continued to rise despite the rapid growth of population. Malthus was also criticised by liberal and Marxist scholars for asserting that poverty was caused by population growth.

Q.28: The Independence of India in 1947 should have made life easier for adivasis but this was not the case. This is because of
(a) Internal colonialism
(b) British rule
(c) Incompetency of tribal groups
(d) Lack of unity among tribal groups

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.29: Choose the correct statement. 
(a) Language and religion have provided the most powerful instrument for the formation of ethno-national identity in India. 
(b) Language and tribal identity have provided the most powerful instrument for the formation of ethno-national identity in India. 
(c) Religion and tribal identity have provided the most powerful instrument for the formation of ethno-national identity in India. 
(d) All of the above.

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Language coupled with regional and tribal identity – and not religion – has provided the most powerful instrument for the formation of ethno-national identity in India.

Q.30: Assertion: Ritually highest caste – the Brahmins were subordinated to the secular power of kings and rulers belonging to the Kshatriya castes. 
Reason: In strict scriptural terms, Brahmins were not supposed to amass wealth. 
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) Both A and R are false.
(d) A is true and R is false.

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.31: Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): Gender identities can be chosen willingly. 
Reason (R): By using surgical procedures male body can be converted into female body or female body into male body.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) Both A and R are false.
(d) A is true and R is false

Correct Answer is Option (a)
In general, ‘male body’ and ‘female body’ as social unit are unchanging identity but due to so many researches in the field of physiology, the notion of the body is now liked with ‘choice structure’. Transgender as concept, thus, refers to conversions of gender status of body into opposite gender by using choice or certain compulsions.

Q.32: Which of the following factors is not responsible for generating plurality of groups? 
(a) Large-scale migration
(b) Modern capitalism 
(c) Colonialism
(d) Assimilation and integration

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Q.33: Even though the fertility and population growth rates are declining, India’s population is projected to increase from 1.2 billion today to an estimated 1.6 billion by 2050 due to ________________.
(a) Population explosion 
(b) Post-transitional phase 
(c) Population momentum 
(d) Rate of natural increase

Correct Answer is Option (c)
Population momentum refers to a situation, where a large cohort of women of reproductive age will fuel population growth over the next generation, even if each woman has fewer children than previous generations did

Q.34: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion: Most states feared that the recognition of cultural diversity would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society.
Reason: Accommodating these differences is not challenging. 
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true and R is false.
(d) A is false and R is true.

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.35: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): Matriarchy, unlike patriarchy, has been a theoretical rather than an empirical concept. 
Reason (R): There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy – i.e., societies where women exercise dominance.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false and R is True

Correct Answer is Option (a)
There do exist matrilineal societies, i.e., societies where women inherit property from their mothers but do not exercise control over it, nor are they the decision makers in public affairs. But matriarchy only exists as conceptual opposition to patriarchy.

Q.36: Which of the following is not true about the intervention of the colonial state and its impact on the institution of caste? 
(a) land revenue settlements and related arrangements and laws gave legal recognition to the customary (caste-based) rights of the upper castes.
(b) Large scale irrigation schemes like the ones in the Punjab were accompanied by efforts to settle populations there, and these also had a caste dimension.
(c) Colonial state did not work for the welfare of the downtrodden.
(d) Direct attempt to count caste and to officially record caste status changed the institution itself.

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.37: Which of the following statements is not true about disabilities?
(a) People are always born with disabilities. 
(b) The disabled are rendered disabled because the society renders them so. 
(c) There is a correlation between disability and poverty. 
(d) Public perception of disability is based on cultural conception of bodily impairment.

Correct Answer is Option (a)
People are not always born with disabilities. Sometimes, they are rendered disabled during the course of their lives. For instance, due to an accident.

Q.38: Among the Khasis, the family is
(a) Patrilocal
(b) Matrilocal
(c) Avunculocal
(d) neolocal

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Q.39: Statistical minorities are not minorities in the sociological sense because they do not form a _____________ .
(a) Collectivity 
(b) Identity 
(c) Group 
(d) Society

Correct Answer is Option (a)
The sociological sense of minority also implies that the members of the minority form a collectivity – that is, they have a strong sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging.

Q.40: A state like Tripura had the tribal share of its population halved within a single decade, reducing them to a minority. Which of the following explains the given statement?
(a) Heavy in-migration of non-tribals
(b) Accommodation of tribal identity
(c) Climate change 
(d) Community-based forms of collective ownership

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.41: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): The inequalities in the literacy rate are especially important because they tend to reproduce inequality across generations. 
Reason (R): Literacy rates also vary by social group – historically disadvantaged communities like the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have lower rates of literacy.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false and R is True

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Illiterate parents are at a severe disadvantage in ensuring that their children are well educated, thus perpetuating existing inequalities.

Q.42: Which of the demographic indicators are not used to calculate total fertility rate? 
(a) Number of live births in the reproductive age group
(b) Age specific fertility rate
(c) Sex ratio
(d) Number of women in the child-bearing age group

Correct Answer is Option (c)

Q.43: Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): Gender inequality is natural. 
Reason (R): There are no biological reasons that can explain why so few women are found in positions of public power.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false but R is True

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Because of the obvious biological and physical differences between men and women, gender inequality is often treated as natural. However, despite appearances, scholars have shown that the inequalities between men and women are social rather than natural.

Q.44: Assertion: The emergence of sociology and its successful establishment as an academic discipline owed a lot to demography. 
Reasoning: This happened due to the rise of nation-states and the emergence of the modern science of statistics. 
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) Both A and R are false.
(d) A is false and R is true.

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.45: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A):A significant yet paradoxical change in the caste system in the contemporary period is that it has tended to become ‘invisible’ for the upper caste, urban middle and upper classes. 
Reason (R): Caste plays no part in their private lives.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false and R is True

Correct Answer is Option (c)
For the upper caste, caste plays no part in their public lives, being limited to the personal sphere of religious practice or marriage and kinship.

Q.46: Caste system can be understood as the combination of two sets of principles
(a) Wholism-hierarchy and difference and separation
(b) Segmental division and hereditary occupation
(c) Exogamy and endogamy
(d) Purity and Pollution

Correct Answer is Option (a)

Q.47: Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
Assertion (A): There is a tension between the Indian state’s simultaneous commitment to secularism as well as the protection of minorities.
Reason (R): Providing protection to them immediately invites the accusation of favouritism or ‘appeasement’ of minorities.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 
(c) A is true but R is false 
(d) A is false but R is True

Correct Answer is Option (a)
Opponents argue that secularism of this sort is only an excuse to favour the minorities in return for their votes or other kinds of support.

Q.48: Low child sex ratio cannot be attributed to which of the following factors
(a) Illiteracy
(b) Socio-cultural beliefs
(c) Economic condition
(d) Preference for girl child

Correct Answer is Option (d)

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
Population growth always outstrips growth in production of subsistence resources; hence the only way to increase prosperity is by controlling the growth of population. Unfortunately, humanity has only a limited ability to voluntarily reduce the growth of its population. Malthus believed therefore that ‘positive checks’ to population growth – in the form of famines and diseases – were inevitable because they were nature’s way of dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population. Malthus was also criticised by liberal and Marxist scholars for asserting that poverty was caused by population growth. Critics argued that problems like poverty and starvation were caused by the unequal distribution of economic resources rather than by population growth.
Q.49: Population rises in ____________ progression.
(a) Arithmetic
(b) Geometric
(c) Linear
(d) Harmonic

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Geometric progression is a series or sequence of numbers that may start with any number, but where each succeeding number is obtained by multiplying the preceding number by a constant multiple. Population rises in geometric progression. Population growth always outstrips growth in production of subsistence resources.

Q.50: Agricultural production grows in ____________ progression. 
(a) Geometric 
(b) Linear 
(c) Harmonic 
(d) Arithmetic

Correct Answer is Option (d)
Arithmetic progression is a series or sequence of numbers that may start with any number, but where each succeeding number is obtained by adding a fixed amount (number) to the preceding number. Agricultural production can only grow in arithmetic progression (i.e., like 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc.).

Q.51: Which of the following is not an example of ‘positive checks’ to population growth? 
(a) Natural disasters 
(b) Celibacy 
(c) Famines 
(d) Disease

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Celibacy, along with other means such as postponing marriage and practicing birth control are examples of what Malthus calls ‘preventive checks.’

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: 
To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.
Q.52: ____________such as extremely wealthy people are not usually referred to as minorities.
(a) Religious minorities
(b) Numerical minorities
(c) Linguistic minorities
(d) Privileged minorities

Correct Answer is Option (d)
The term ‘privileged minorities’ is self-explanatory. All the other kinds of minorities may or may not be economically powerful.

Q.53: When minority is used without qualification, it generally implies a relatively small but also _______________ group. 
(a) advantaged 
(b) disadvantaged 
(c) privileged 
(d) diverse

Correct Answer is Option (b)
Sociologically speaking, a minority is a social group that besides being small in size suffers a relative social, political and economic disadvantage as well.

Q.54: Statistical minorities are not minorities in the sociological sense because they do not form a _____________ . 
(a) collectivity 
(b) identity 
(c) group 
(d) society

Correct Answer is Option (a)
The sociological sense of minority also implies that the members of the minority form a collectivity – that is, they have a strong sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”
Q.55: Which of the following is NOT a permanent trait of tribes in India?
(a) Region
(b) Ecological habitat
(c) Mode of livelihood
(d) Language

Correct Answer is Option (c)
Mode of livelihood is an acquired trait of the tribes. On the basis of livelihood, tribes can be categorised into fishermen, food gatherers and hunters, shifting cultivators, peasants and plantation and industrial workers.

Q.56: According to Census Report 2011, it is ____% of the population of India, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country.
(a) 8.2% 
(b) 8.6% 
(c) 11% 
(d) 15%

Correct Answer is Option (c)
The total population of tribes amounts to about 8.2% of the population of India, or about 84 million persons according to the 2001 Census. The Census of 2011 reported an increase of 0.2%. It is now 8.6% of the population of India, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country.

Q.57: If we look at the share of tribals in the state population, then the North Eastern states have the highest concentrations, with all states, except ____________, having concentrations of more than 30%. 
Fill in the blanks using the following options:
(a) Nagaland 
(b) Meghalaya 
(c) Assam 
(d) Arunachal Pradesh

Correct Answer is Option (c)
States like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland have more than 60% and up to 95% of tribal population in terms of concentration. Assam is an only exception with less than 30% of tribal population.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: 
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disablements regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q.58: Who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’? 
(a) Tarabai Shinde 
(b) Ralph Ellison 
(c) Anita Ghai 
(d) Daya Pawar

Correct Answer is Option (c)
Anita Ghai is one of the leading activists and scholars of disability in the Indian context who made the above argument. Ralph Ellison is the name of the author of the book.

Q.59: Which of the following is NOT a feature central to the public perception of ‘disability’? 
(a) Disability is linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception. 
(b) The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help. 
(c) Disability is biologically given. 
(d) None of the above

Correct Answer is Option (d)
All the other options are central features to the public perception of disability.

Q.60: Labels such as bechara (poor thing) accentuate the ____________ for the disabled person. 
(A) victim status 
(B) state of poverty 
(C) marginalised status 
(D) low status

Correct Answer is Option (a)
The roots of such attitudes lie in the cultural conception that views an impaired body as a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit, and disabled people are the victims.