Class 12 Geography: CBSE Sample Question Papers- Term II (2021-22)- 2 | CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Humanities - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Class XlI

General Instructions:

• Question paper is divided into 5 sections A,B,C,D & E 
• In section A question number 1 to 3 are Very Short Answer type questions. Attempt any 3 questions. 
• In section B question number 4 is Source based question. 
• In section C question number 5 & 6 are Short Answer based questions. 
• In section D question number 7 to 9 are Long Answer based questions. 
• In section E question number 10 is a Map based question.

Q.1. Explain the prominent features of Traditional Large Scale industrial regions.

Traditional industrial regions can be recognized by:
(i) High proportion of employment in the manufacturing industry. High-density housing, often of inferior type, and poor services. Unattractive environment, for example, pollution, waste heaps, and so on.
(ii) Problems of unemployment, emigration and derelict land areas caused by closure of factories.

Q.2. Define Tertiary Activities.

Tertiary activities involve the commercial output of services rather than the production of tangible goods. Common examples are the work of a plumber, electrician, technician, launderer, barber, shopkeeper, driver, cashier, teacher, doctor, lawyer and publisher, etc.

Q.3. Differentiate between retail trading and wholesale trading.

The difference between retail trading and wholesale trading.
(i) The business activity concerned with the sale of goals directly to the consumers is known as the retail trading, while the business that constitutes bulk business through numerous intermediately merchants and supply houses is known as the wholesale trading. 

(ii) Most of the retail trading takes place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling while a wholeseller need not have a showroom or shop in central place.

Q.4. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 
Indian Railways network is one of the longest in the world. It facilitates the movement of both freight and passengers and contributes to the growth of the economy. Indian Railway was introduced in 1853, when a line was constructed from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km. Indian Railways is the largest government undertaking in the country. The length of the Indian Railways network was 66,030 km as of 31st March, 2015. It's very large size puts a lot of pressure on the centralised railway management system. Thus, in India, the railway system has been divided into 16 zones. Indian Railways has launched extensive programme to convert the metre and narrow gauges to broad gauge. Moreover, steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines. This step has increased the speed, as well as, the haulage capacity. The replacement of steam engines run by coal has also improved the environment of the stations.
(i) When was Indian Railway introduced?

Indian Railway was introduced in 1853, when a line was constructed from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km.

(ii) Which organisation is the largest in the country?

Indian Railways is the largest government undertaking in the country.

(iii) How many zones are there in Indian Railway system?

In India, the Railway system has been divided into 16 zones.

Q.5. "Road transport plays a vital role in the promotion of trade and tourism in the world." Support this statement with three suitable arguments.

Transport is a service or facility by which people, materials and manufactured goods are physically carried from one location to another. It is an organized industry created to satisfy man’s basic need of mobility.
(i) Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport systems to assist in the production, distribution and consumption of goods.
(ii) At every stage in this complex system, the value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation.
(iii) The opening-up of tourist areas have been aided by improvement in transport facilities. Travel is easier by car, with better road systems.

Q.6. Satellites and computers have brought revolutionary changes in the present life of the people. Elaborate the statement with three suitable examples.

Satellites touch human lives in many ways. Every time we use a cell phone to call a friend, send an SMS or watch a popular programme on cable television, we are using satellite communication. These have rendered the unit cost and time of communication invariant in terms of distance.
(i) Today weather forecasting through television is a boon in saving the loss of life and property. 

(ii) As billions use the Internet each year, cyberspace will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans through email, e-commerce, e-learning and e-governance.
(iii) The Internet together with fax, television and radio will be accessible to more and more people cutting across place and time. 

(iv) It is these modern communication systems, more than transportation, that has made the concept of global village a reality.

Evaluate the role and importance of roads in the economic development of India?

India has the 2nd largest road network in the world.

Importance of Roadways in India: 
(i) It provides better connectivity between rural and urban areas and hence the advancement of rural India occurs.
(ii) To link every remotest area (J&K, North-east part, mountainous regions, etc.) with the mainstream of economy it's very much important to have better connectivity so that the overall development of those people can be ensured. 

(iii) Road connectivity is very important in linking Intra-state urban areas and Inter-states for better transportation of various goods and services and hence for overall development in terms of saving time, money etc and reduction in pollution and CO₂ emission level.
(iv) Better Roadways allows faster accessibility of health, education and other facilities and services.
(v) Indian roadways serve as the lifeline of Indian trade, as they connect consumers with producers. For example; rural centers are producers of agricultural goods which are transported through roadways to consumers, i.e., urban centers.

Q.7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of pipelines?

The advantages of pipelines: 
(i) Pipelines provide an uninterrupted flow of water, gas and petroleum.
(ii) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but, the running cost is minimal.
(iii) They are eco-friendly, do not contribute to pollution and save fuel. 
(iv) It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.
(v) These can be laid in difficult terrains, underwater and densely forested areas.
Disadvantages: 
(i) Leakage in the pipelines is difficult to detect.
(ii) Safeguarding the pipeline from the extremists is very difficult.
(iii) These are not flexible and cannot give door-to-door services.
(iv) Once laid, capacity cannot be increased.

Q.8. ‘The Suez Canal and the Panama Canal are two vital human-made navigation canals which serve as gateways of commerce for both the eastern and western worlds’. In the light of this statement explain the economic significance of these two canals.

Economic importance of the Suez and the Panama Canals:
The Suez Canal: 
(i) It has given Europe a new gateway to Indian Ocean and Australia.
(ii) It has shortened the distance.
(iii) It saves time and fuel.
(iv) It has become cheaper as compared to the Cape of Good Hope route.
(v) Suez is sea-level canal.
(vi) Thus, Suez is very suitable for commerce.
The Panama Canal: 
(i) This canal has linked Eastern America with Western America.
(ii) It also links Europe with Western America.
(iii) It has shortened distance between Europe and Western America.
(iv) It saves time and fuel.
(v) There are locks in canal even then it is more economical.

Q.9. Explain the importance of five non-conventional sources of energy with suitable examples. 

(i) Solar Energy: Sun rays tapped in photovoltaic cells can be converted into energy known as solar energy. Solar thermal technology has some relative advantages over all other non-renewable energy sources. It is cost-competitive, environment friendly and easy to construct. It is generally used more in appliances like heaters, crop dryers, cookers, etc. The western part of India has greater potential for the development of solar energy in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
(ii) Wind Energy: Wind energy is a pollution-free and inexhaustible source of energy. Permanent wind systems such as trade winds, westerlies and seasonal wind like monsoons have been used as source of energy. Besides these, local winds, land and sea breezes can also be used to produce electricity. The Ministry of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy is developing wind energy in India to lessen the burden of oil import bill. In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka, favourable conditions for wind energy exist. Wind power plant at Lamba in Gujarat in Kachchh is the largest in Asia. Another, wind power plant is located at Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu.
(iii) Tidal and Wave Energy: Persistent efforts were made to create a more efficient energy system from the ceaseless tidal waves and ocean current. Large tidal waves are known to occur along the west coast of India. Hence, India has great potential for the development of tidal energy along the coasts but so far these have not yet been utilised.
(iv) Geothermal Energy: This energy is now considered to be one of the key energy sources that can be developed as an alternate source. The hot springs and geysers are being used since medieval period. In India, a geothermal energy plant has been commissioned at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.
(v) Bio-energy: Bio-energy refers to energy derived from biological products which includes agricultural residues, municipal, industrial and other wastes. Bio-energy is a potential source of energy conversion. It can be converted into electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking. This will improve economic life of rural areas in developing countries, reduce environmental pollution, enhance self-reliance and reduce pressure on fuel wood. One such project converting municipal waste into energy is Okhla in Delhi.

Write short notes on drought-prone area programme and agro-climatic planning. How do these   programmes help in the development of dryland agriculture in India?

This programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan with the objectives of providing employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets.
(i) Initially this programme laid emphasis on the construction of labour-intensive civil works. But later on, it emphasised on irrigation projects, land development programmes, afforestation, grassland development and creation of basic rural infrastructure such as electricity, roads, market, credit and services.
(ii) National Committee on Development of Backward Areas, reviewed the performance of this programme. It has been observed that this programme is largely confined to the development of agriculture and allied sectors with major focus on restoration of ecological balance.
(iii) Since growing population pressure is forcing the society to utilise the marginal lands for agriculture and thereby causing ecological degradation, there is a need to create alternative employment opportunities in the drought-prone areas.
(iv) The other strategies of development of these areas include adoption of integrated watershed development approach at the micro-level. The restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants, human and animal population should be a basic consideration in the strategy of development of drought-prone area.
(v) Broadly, the drought-prone area in India is spread over semi-arid and arid tract of Rajasthan, Gujarat, western Madhya Pradesh, Marathwada region of Maharashtra, Rayalaseema and Telangana plateaus of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka plateau and highlands and interior parts of Tamil Nadu. The drought prone areas of Punjab, Haryana and northern Rajasthan are largely protected due to spread of irrigation in these regions.

Q.10. On the outline map of India indicate and mark the following features. 
(a) Iron ore mines of Chhattisgarh 
(b) Oil Refinery located in Uttar Pradesh. 
(c) The largest Lignite coal mines. 
(d) Easternmost terminal of East-West Corridor 
(e) Southernmost Metropolitan city connected by Golden Quadrilateral. 
(f) Oldest Copper mines of Rajasthan.

(a) Bailadila
(b) Mathura 
(c) Neyveli, Tamil Nadu
(d) Silchar
(e) Chennai 
(f) Khetri