Lab Manual: Plant and Animal Tissues | Lab Manuals for Class 9 PDF Download

Objective

Theory

Materials Required
Permanent slides of parenchyma tissues, sclerenchyma tissues, straited muscle fibre, nerve cell and compound microscope.

Procedure

• Place the compound microscope where proper light can be received and reflected on the slide.
• Place the permanent slides one by one. Observe its structure and draw diagrams.

Observations

• All cells are same in size and length.
• Corners of the cells show intercellular spaces.
• Each cell shows prominent nucleus and a large central vacuole.
• Each cell has thin cell walls.
• Intercellular spaces are present in between the cells.

Inference

• These are plant cells as large vacuole is seen and cell wall is present.
• These are all living cells.
• These cells are present all over the plant body i.e. — stems, leaves, roots, flowers and fruits.

(ii) Sclerenchymatous tissues:

• These cells show thick comers and thick cell walls.
• They do not have any protoplasm in it.
• They show lignified walls.
• They can be divided into two types: sclerenchyma fibres and sclereids.
• These cells are dead.

Sclerenchyma cell 

Inference
The sclerenchymatous tissues are dead cells, with hard cell wall and provides mechanical support to plant. For e.g. coconut husk, hard shells of fruits.

(iii) Collenchymatous tissues: 

• The cells of collenchyma may be oval or elongated.
• Each cell consists of central nucleus with cytoplasm at the periphery.
• Cell walls are thickened at the comers. The thickening is due to cellulose and pectin.
• Intercellular space is absent.
• These cells are commonly seen below the epidermis in petiole, leaves and stems.
• Its main function is to provide mechanical strength.

Inference

• These cells have thick comers.
• There is no space between the cells.
• The nucleus is prominent at the periphery with cytoplasm but the centre of the cells consist of vacuole.

2. Animal tissues
(i) Striated muscles:

• These muscles show long cylindrical fibres.
• The cells are multinucleated.
• The muscles show alternate dark and light bands.
• The cells are surrounded and held by connective tissue.
• The cells are surrounded by a membrane called as sarcolemma.

Inference

• The slide shows cylindrical fibres, with dark and light bands.
• These are voluntary muscles and work according to our will.

(ii) Non-striated muscles or Smooth muscles:

• The cells are spindle-shaped.
• Nucleus is centrally located.
• These muscles do not show dark and light bands striations.
• Non-striated muscles are involuntary in nature.
• They are found in blood vessels and in alimentary canal.

Inference

• The cells of non-striated muscles are tapering at both the ends i.e., spindle- shaped.
• The nucleus is prominent and is centrally located.
• The dark and light bands are not seen.

(iii) Cardiac muscles:

• Cardiac muscle cells are long, branched and uninucleate.
• They show alternate light and dark bands.
• These are involuntary muscles.
• They are seen only in the walls of heart.
• They are non-tiring muscles and responsible for rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart muscles throughout life.

Inference

• These cells are branched and each cell consist of single nucleus.
• The striations are seen.

(iv) Nerve cell:

• The nerve cells has a neuron with a large body called cyton.
• The cyton has a prominent nucleus.
• It has projections called dendrites.
• One of the dendrite which is long called axon.
• The nerve endings are attached to muscles.

Inference
Each nerve cell consists of prominent nucleus and granular cytoplasm with projections called dendrites

Precautions

• Handle the microscope carefully.
• Handle the permanent slides carefully.
• Always focus the slide first at low power and then at high power.