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Principles of Biotechnology
- Biotechnology: Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans.
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Exonuclease & Endonuclease: Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA whereas endonucleases make cuts at specific positions within the DNA.
- Gel electrophoresis: The cutting of DNA by restriction endonucleases results in the fragments of DNA. These fragments can be separated by a technique known as gel electrophoresis.
- Transformation: Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium.
- Micro-injection: In a method micro-injection, recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell.
- Biolistics: In this method, which is suitable for plants, cells are bombarded with high velocity micro-particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA in a method known as biolistics or gene gun.
Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Recombinant Protein: If any protein encoding gene is expressed in a heterologous host, it is called a recombinant protein.
- Bioreactor: Bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, individual enzymes, etc., using microbial plant, animal or human cells. A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions (temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen).
- Downstream Process: The processes include separation and purification, which are collectively referred to as downstream processing.
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FAQs on Glossary: Biotechnology: Principle & Processes - Biology for EmSAT Achieve
| 1. What is biotechnology? |  |
Biotechnology is a field of science that uses living organisms or their components to develop or create useful products or processes. It involves the use of genetic engineering techniques to modify and manipulate the DNA of organisms for various applications in sectors such as agriculture, medicine, and industry.
| 2. What are the principles of biotechnology? | |
The principles of biotechnology can be summarized as follows:
1. Genetic engineering: Biotechnology involves the manipulation and modification of genetic material, such as DNA, to create desired traits or produce specific products.
2. Recombinant DNA technology: This technique allows the combination of DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations and traits.
3. Fermentation: Biotechnology utilizes fermentation processes to produce valuable products, such as pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and food additives, using microorganisms.
4. Biomolecular analysis: Biotechnologists use various techniques to analyze and study biomolecules, such as DNA sequencing, PCR, and protein purification, to understand biological processes and develop new applications.
5. Ethical considerations: Biotechnology raises ethical concerns related to genetic engineering, human cloning, and the potential impacts on the environment and society. Ethical principles guide the responsible and safe use of biotechnology.
| 3. What are the processes involved in biotechnology? | |
There are several processes involved in biotechnology, including:
1. DNA extraction: This process involves isolating DNA from an organism or sample to study its genetic information.
2. Gene cloning: It is the process of making identical copies of a specific gene using recombinant DNA technology.
3. Genetic engineering: This process involves the manipulation and modification of an organism's DNA to introduce new traits or enhance existing ones.
4. Protein production: Biotechnology utilizes recombinant DNA technology to produce large quantities of specific proteins, such as insulin or vaccines, in microorganisms or cell cultures.
5. Bioprocessing: This process involves the large-scale production and purification of bio-based products, such as enzymes, biofuels, and pharmaceuticals, using bioreactors and fermentation techniques.
| 4. What are the applications of biotechnology? | |
Biotechnology has a wide range of applications in various fields, including:
1. Agriculture: Biotechnology is used to develop genetically modified crops with improved traits, such as pest and disease resistance, increased yield, or enhanced nutritional content.
2. Medicine: Biotechnology plays a crucial role in the production of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and gene therapies. It also enables personalized medicine and diagnostics.
3. Environmental remediation: Biotechnology is used for the bioremediation of pollutants and the treatment of wastewater by utilizing microorganisms to break down harmful substances.
4. Industrial processes: Biotechnology is employed in the production of biofuels, bioplastics, and enzymes for industrial processes, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting sustainability.
5. Forensics and DNA profiling: Biotechnology techniques, such as DNA fingerprinting, are applied in forensic investigations to identify individuals or establish relationships between individuals.
| 5. What are the benefits and challenges of biotechnology? | |
Benefits of biotechnology include:
- Improved crop yields, reducing the global food shortage.
- Development of new and effective medicines and therapies for various diseases.
- Reduction in the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers through genetically modified crops.
- Cleaner and more sustainable industrial processes through the use of biofuels and bioplastics.
- Advancements in DNA profiling and forensic investigations.
Challenges of biotechnology include:
- Ethical concerns regarding genetic manipulation of organisms and potential misuse of biotechnology.
- Potential environmental risks associated with genetically modified organisms and their impact on ecosystems.
- High costs and complex regulatory processes for the development and commercialization of biotechnology products.
- Public perception and acceptance of genetically modified organisms and biotechnology in general.
- Intellectual property rights issues and access to biotechnology products, particularly in developing countries.
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