Study Professional, Technical & Skill Based Education - Higher Education System Notes

Professional Education

Professional education is designed to develop individuals with special competencies for professional practice, providing youth with skills that directly lead to employment.

• This education includes all educational courses aimed at livelihood training, making it a crucial part of the technical education program.
• The goal is to enable youths to secure employment in both government and non-government sectors after earning their degree or diploma.
• Develops special competencies for professional practice.
• Provides training for livelihood.
• A component of the technical education program.
• Aims to enable employment in government and non-government sectors.
• Includes curriculums in banking, media, management, tourism, teaching, aviation, etc.
• Important courses: BBA, MBA, MCA in Management, Mass Communication, Data Analytics, B.Ed, M.Ed, Hospitality, Global Marketing Management, Air Hostess Courses.
• Professional councils: AICTE, MCI, ICAR, NCTE, DCI, PCI, INC, BCI, CCH, CCIM, COA, DEC, RCI, NCRI, SCHE.

Curriculum and Opportunities

• Professional education curriculums cover fields such as banking, media, management, tourism, teaching, aviation, among others.
• These curriculums are structured to provide job opportunities in sectors like auditing, editing, hotel management, finance management, and various managerial roles.
• This system of education aims to make students responsible and self-reliant, preparing them to navigate the professional world effectively.

Important Professional Courses

• BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration): Focuses on business management principles and practices.
• MBA (Master of Business Administration): Advanced studies in business administration and management.
• MCA (Master of Computer Applications) in Management: Combines computer science with management principles.
• Mass Communication / Journalism: Training in media, communication, and journalism.
• Master’s in Data Analytics: Advanced data analysis, interpretation, and application.
• B.Ed (Bachelor of Education): Training for teaching at various educational levels.
• M.Ed (Master of Education): Advanced education theories and practices.
• Hospitality Management: Training in hotel and tourism management.
• Global Marketing Management: International marketing principles and practices.
• Air Hostess Courses: Training for careers in the aviation industry as cabin crew.

Specialized Professional Bodies

• Professional councils are responsible for recognizing courses, promoting professional institutions, and providing grants for undergraduate programs and awards.
• Statutory professional councils in India include:
  • All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE): Oversees technical education standards.
  • Medical Council of India (MCI): Regulates medical education and practice.
  • Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR): Coordinates agricultural research and education.
  • National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE): Regulates teacher education.
  • Dental Council of India (DCI): Governs dental education and profession.
  • Pharmacy Council of India (PCI): Regulates pharmacy education and practice.
  • Indian Nursing Council (INC): Oversees nursing education and practice.
  • Bar Council of India (BCI): Regulates legal education and profession.
  • Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH): Governs homeopathic education and practice.
  • Central Council for Indian Medicine (CCIM): Regulates education in Indian systems of medicine.
  • Council of Architecture (COA): Governs architectural education and practice.
  • Distance Education Council (DEC): Oversees distance education standards.
  • Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI): Regulates training programs for rehabilitation professionals.
  • National Council for Rural Institutes (NCRI): Promotes rural higher education.
  • State Councils of Higher Education (SCHE): Coordinate higher education at the state level.

Technical Education

Technical education focuses on providing knowledge and skills in specific trades, crafts, or professions, particularly in science, engineering, and technology.

This type of education is vital for human development, creating skilled manpower, enhancing the quality of life, and boosting industrial productivity.

• Imparts knowledge of specific trades, crafts, or professions.
• Plays a crucial role in human development.
• Creates skilled manpower, improves quality of life, enhances industrial productivity.
• Historical development from British period engineering colleges.
• Key institutions: IITs, NITs, IIITs, NITTTRs, IIMs.
• IITs governed by Institutes of Technology Act, 1961.
• NITs established during the Second Five-Year Plan.
• IIITs focused on information technology education.
• NITTTRs improve quality of engineering education.
• IIMs offer management education and research.

Historical Development

• Technical education has roots in the British period, with the first engineering college established in Uttar Pradesh in 1847 for civil engineering training at Roorkee (now in Uttarakhand).
• The Indian Institute of Science was founded in 1909 to promote research and education in engineering and science.
• University of Banaras (now Banaras Hindu University) began offering degree programs in 1917 in fields such as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and metallurgy, established by Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya.

Key Technical Institutions

• Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs):

  • Apex institutions for engineering education and research.
  • Governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961, which designates them as institutions of national importance.
  • The first IIT was established in Kharagpur in 1951, followed by IITs in Bombay (1958), Madras (1959), Kanpur (1959), and Delhi (1963).
  • The University of Roorkee was converted to IIT Roorkee in 2001.

• National Institutes of Technology (NITs):

  • Established during the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–60) to meet the demand for trained personnel for industrial projects.
  • Originally known as Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs).
  • Upgraded to NITs in 2002 and governed by the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007.
  • Currently, there are 31 NITs across India.

• Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs):

  • Focused on information technology education.
  • Established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).
  • Initial IIITs are located in Gwalior, Allahabad, Jabalpur, and Kancheepuram.
  • Additional IIITs were set up under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model starting in 2010, with funding from the Central Government, State Government, and industry partners in a 50:35:15 ratio.

• National Institutes of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research (NITTTRs):

  • Established to improve the quality of engineering education.
  • Located in Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai, and Kolkata.
  • Focus on training polytechnic teachers, conducting research, and offering consultancy services.

• Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs):

  • Group of 20 public, autonomous institutes for management education and research.
  • Offer post-graduate, doctoral, and executive education programs.
  • Established under the initiative of Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • The first IIMs were set up in Calcutta (1961) and Ahmedabad (1961).

Skill-Based Education

Skill-based education includes courses that provide training and skills in various disciplines, typically ranging from 6 months to 2 years.

The main objective is to develop specific skills in students and enable them to secure suitable career options.

• Provides training and skills in various disciplines.
• Courses range from 6 months to 2 years.
• Aims to develop skills and achieve career options.
• Skill-based courses: Fashion Designing, Tourism, Food Processing, Garment Technology, Software Development, Hospitality Management, ITI courses.
• Government programs: NVEQF, KAUSHAL, PMKVY.
• PMKVY launched in 2015, offers skill development training and employment.
• ITIs provide post-secondary skill education, constituted by DGET, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.
• ITI trainees must pass the All India Trade Test to receive the National Trade Certificate.
• As of April 2016, 13,105 ITIs exist (2,293 government, 10,812 private).

Skill-Based Courses

• Fashion Designing
• Tourism
• Food Processing
• Garment Technology
• Software Development
• Hospitality Management
• Various ITI Courses (e.g., Carpenter, Cutting, Technology Technician, Electrician, Photography, Embroidery Needle Work, Health Sanitary Inspector, etc.)

Government Programs for Skill Development

• NVEQF (National Vocational Education Qualification Framework)
• KAUSHAL (Knowledge Acquisition and Upgradation of Skilled Human Abilities and Livelihood)
• PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana)

PMKVY

• Launched in 2015 to provide skill development training.
• Targets students who have passed the 12th level.
• Offers employment opportunities to trained youths.

Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs)

• Provide post-secondary skill education and training.
• Constituted by the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGET).
• Upon completion, trainees must pass the All India Trade Test (AITT) to receive the National Trade Certificate (NTC).
• As of April 2016, there are 13,105 ITIs (2,293 government ITIs and 10,812 private ITIs).