Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) PDF Download

Simplification of boolean expressions using Karnaugh Map

As we know that K-map takes both SOP and POS forms. So, there are two possible solutions for K-map, i.e., minterm and maxterm solution. Let's start and learn about how we can find the minterm and maxterm solution of K-map.

Minterm Solution of K Map

There are the following steps to find the minterm solution or K-map:

Step 1
Firstly, we define the given expression in its canonical form.

Step 2
Next, we create the K-map by entering 1 to each product-term into the K-map cell and fill the remaining cells with zeros.

Step 3
Next, we form the groups by considering each one in the K-map.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)Notice that each group should have the largest number of 'ones'. A group cannot contain an empty cell or cell that contains 0.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)In a group, there is a total of 2number of ones. Here, n=0, 1, 2, …n.

Example: 20 = 1, 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, or 24 = 16.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)We group the number of ones in the decreasing order. First, we have to try to make the group of eight, then for four, after that two and lastly for 1.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)In horizontally or vertically manner, the groups of ones are formed in shape of rectangle and square. We cannot perform the diagonal grouping in K-map.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)The elements in one group can also be used in different groups only when the size of the group is increased.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)The elements located at the edges of the table are considered to be adjacent. So, we can group these elements.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)We can consider the 'don't care condition' only when they aid in increasing the group-size. Otherwise, 'don't care' elements are discarded.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)

Step 4:
In the next step, we find the boolean expression for each group. By looking at the common variables in cell-labeling, we define the groups in terms of input variables. In the below example, there is a total of two groups, i.e., group 1 and group 2, with two and one number of 'ones'.
In the first group, the ones are present in the row for which the value of A is 0. Thus, they contain the complement of variable A. Remaining two 'ones' are present in adjacent columns. In these columns, only B term in common is the product term corresponding to the group as A'B. Just like group 1, in group 2, the one's are present in a row for which the value of A is 1. So, the corresponding variables of this column are B'C'. The overall product term of this group is AB'C'.
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)

Step 5:
Lastly, we find the boolean expression for the Output. To find the simplified boolean expression in the SOP form, we combine the product-terms of all individual groups. So the simplified expression of the above k-map is as follows:
A'+AB'C'
Let's take some examples of 2-variable, 3-variable, 4-variable, and 5-variable K-map examples.

Example 1: Y=A'B' + A'B+AB
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)Simplified expression: Y = A' + B

Example 2: Y = A'B'C' D' + A' B' CD' + A' BCD' + A' BCD + AB' C' D' + ABCD' + ABCD
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)Simplified expression: Y = BD + B'D'

Maxterm Solution of K-Map

To find the simplified maxterm solution using K-map is the same as to find for the minterm solution. There are some minor changes in the maxterm solution, which are as follows:

  • We will populate the K-map by entering the value of 0 to each sum-term into the K-map cell and fill the remaining cells with one's.
  • We will make the groups of 'zeros' not for 'ones'.
  • Now, we will define the boolean expressions for each group as sum-terms.
  • At last, to find the simplified boolean expression in the POS form, we will combine the sum-terms of all individual groups.

Let's take some example of 2-variable, 3-variable, 4-variable and 5-variable K-map examples:

Example 1: Y = (A' + B') + (A' + B) + (A + B)
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)Simplified expression: A'B

Example 2: F(A, B, C, D) = π(3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13)
Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)Simplified expression: Y = (A + C') .(A' + B')

The document Simplification using K-map | Digital Circuits - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) is a part of the Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) Course Digital Circuits.
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