Important Questions & Answers: Cultural Change - 1 | Sociology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Very Short Answer Type Question

• Social reforms vary across different times and societies.
• These variations highlight the need for adaptability and change.
• As societies evolve, so do the issues that require reform.

Q6: What are the two objectives of social welfare? [Old NCERT]
Ans: The objectives of social welfare are:

• The first objective is to fulfil the needs of society's members.
• The second objective is to establish social relations that enable individuals to develop their abilities.

Q7: Name any three social reformers.
Ans:

• Raja Ram Mohun Roy
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
• Swami Dayanand Saraswati
• Swami Vivekanand

Q8: What is the main difference between social welfare and social reform?
Ans: Social welfare focuses on the overall development of lower castes and backward classes in society. In contrast, social reformers aim to eliminate social evils and instigate changes within society.

Q9: What were the main objectives of Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Ans: The main objectives of the Satya Shodhak Samaj were:

• To challenge the dominance of the Brahmins.
• To promote education, freedom, and equality for women.

Q10: What is a Cultural Movement? [Old NCERT]
Ans: A cultural movement aims to protect and promote a specific culture. Key points include:

• It often arises in response to perceived threats to cultural identity.
• Examples include movements by indigenous tribes.
• Such movements can advocate for rights, traditions, and values.

Q11: What was the main objective of Swami Vivekanand? [Old NCERT]
Ans: The main objective of Swami Vivekanand's life was to:

• Promote spiritualism.
• Address the gaps in our daily lives.

Q12: What were the main objectives of the reform movement among the Parsis? [Old NCERT]
Ans: The reform movement among the Parsis focused on several key objectives:

• Emphasis on women's education to promote equality and empowerment.
• Aim to abolish outdated marriage practices that hindered personal freedom.
• Encouragement of social reforms to improve the overall status of the community.

Q13: Who gave the word ‘Sarvodaya’? [Old NCERT]
Ans: The word Sarvodaya was introduced by Mahatma Gandhi.

Q14: What were the main teachings of Vivekanand? [Old NCERT]
Ans: Main Teachings of Vivekanand:

• Life is a religion: Living life itself is viewed as a form of religion.
• Service to humanity: Helping others is equivalent to serving Shiva.
• Divine presence: God is believed to reside within every individual.
• Modern methods: Contemporary techniques should be employed to assist humanity.

Q15: What is a Secular country? [Old NCERT]
Ans: A secular country is one where:

• No single religion is officially recognised or favoured.
• All religions are treated equally and respected.
• The government remains neutral in religious matters.

In such a country, citizens are free to practice any religion or none at all.

Q16: What is Secularisation? Or What is the meaning of Secularisation in the Western context?
Ans: Secularisation refers to the process where religious influence diminishes in society. In the Western context, it signifies:

• Religious beliefs and practices becoming less central to daily life.
• All religions being viewed as equal, with no single religion considered superior.
• The promotion of science and reasoning over traditional religious ideas.
• A shift towards individualism, where personal choice replaces inherited beliefs.

This transformation reflects broader changes in societal values and norms.

Q17: Give four features of Sanskritisation.
Ans:

• Lower castes attempt to imitate the customs of higher castes.
• This is a continuous process of social change.
• It results in a change in the status of lower castes.
• People from lower castes adopt the lifestyle, habits, and traditions of higher castes.

Q18: What is Cultural Change?
Ans: Cultural Change refers to the transformation that occurs within a society's culture over time. This can include:

• Shifts in values and beliefs.
• Changes in norms and social practices.
• Evolution of traditions and customs.
• Adoption of new lifestyles and technologies.

Such changes can arise from various factors, including social movements, economic development, and interactions with other cultures.

Q19: What was the impact of Islam on our society? [Old NCERT]
Ans: The impact of Islam on society includes several significant changes:

• The introduction of the Purdah system, which emphasises women's seclusion.
• Changes to the caste system, making its restrictions more rigid.
• A notable number of Hindus converted to Islam.

Q20: What is the relationship between modernization and secularisation?
Ans: Relationship between Modernization and Secularization:

• Modernization and secularization are closely linked.
• Both are part of a set of modern ideas.
• They reflect a change in attitudes towards religion.
• There is a shift in ceremonies, rituals, taboos, festivals, and social networking.

Q21: Who founded Rama Krishan Mission? [Old NCERT]
Ans: Rama Krishan Mission was established by Swami Vivekanand in 1897 CE.

Q22: Who started the Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Ans: The Satya Shodhak Samaj was founded by Jotiba Phule as a movement against the dominance of the Brahmins.

Q23: Who founded the first school for girls?
Ans: Jotiba Phule founded the first school for girls in 1851 CE in Pune, India.

Q24: Why were the tribal movements started? [Old NCERT]
Ans: Tribal movements were initiated primarily for the following reasons:

• To protect and preserve tribal culture.
• To prevent the mixing of tribal traditions with other cultures.
• To assert their identity and autonomy in the face of external pressures.

Q25: What is a Social Reform?
Ans: Social reform refers to efforts made by individuals or groups to address and change the evils present in society. This typically involves:

• Intellectuals initiating movements against social issues.
• Challenging practices that are harmful or discriminatory.
• Striving for a more just and equitable society.

Overall, social reform aims to improve the conditions and rights of various groups within society.

Q26: What is social welfare? [Old NCERT]
Ans: Social welfare encompasses organised efforts aimed at providing support and resources to all members of society. Its primary goal is to facilitate personal and community development.

• Focuses on the needs of lower and backward classes.
• Aims for the overall development and welfare of society.
• Encourages participation from all community members.

Q27: What have we got from our freedom movement?
Ans: We gained independence through our freedom movement. This movement united the Indian population against British rule.

• The rise of nationalism was a key outcome.
• People from lower castes became aware of their rights.
• All castes joined together to oppose the British.

Q28: Who gave the concept of Basic Education? [Old NCERT]
Ans: Mahatma Gandhi introduced the concept of Basic Education in 1937.

Q29: What were the main objectives of the Swadeshi Movement? [Old NCERT]
Ans: The main objectives of the Swadeshi Movement were:

• To promote and celebrate the heritage of India.
• To support the structural development of the country.

Q30: What is Political Movement?
Ans: A political movement is a collective effort aimed at achieving specific political objectives. Key characteristics include:

• It involves a group of people working together.
• It seeks to bring about change in government policies or social issues.
• Examples include significant movements like the freedom movement in India.

Q31: Why caste-based movements were started before independence?
Ans: Before independence, caste-based movements emerged for several reasons:

• To challenge the dominance of Brahmins and other upper castes.
• To improve the social status of their own caste within the hierarchy.
• To advocate for equality and social justice.

Q32: Give the two features of Arya Samaj.
Ans: Arya Samaj is known for its significant social reforms. Here are two key features:

• Widow Remarriage: Arya Samaj actively supported the remarriage of widows, challenging traditional norms.
• Opposition to Child Marriage: The organisation opposed child marriage, advocating for the rights of children.
• Eradication of Untouchability: Arya Samaj stressed the importance of eliminating untouchability in society.
• Promotion of Vedic Education: It encouraged the reading and understanding of the Vedas to foster a more enlightened society.

Q33: Why are reform movements known as social movements?
Ans: The primary aim of reform movements was to eliminate various social evils and religious issues within society. This focus on addressing societal problems is why they are referred to as social movements.

Q34: Why did the Sati system prevail in our society?
Ans: The Sati system persisted in society due to several beliefs:

• Marriage was viewed as a bond spanning multiple lifetimes.
• It was believed that a wife should die with her husband.
• There was a notion that this act would please God and grant salvation to the wife.

Q35: Which religious language was used in ancient times?
Ans: Sanskrit was the primary religious language used in ancient times.

Q36: What is Sanskritisation?
Ans: Sanskritisation is the process where individuals from lower castes adopt the customs and practices of higher castes. This includes:

• Imitating rituals and beliefs of upper castes.
• Seeking social acceptance and status improvement.
• Influencing cultural aspects like language and lifestyle.

This process often leads to:

• Changes in social dynamics without structural equality.
• Preservation of caste hierarchies despite individual advancements.

Q37: What is Westernisation? Or What do you understand by the term Westernization?
Ans: Westernisation refers to the process where the cultural practices, lifestyles, and values of Western countries are adopted by other nations.

• This includes changes in daily habits, clothing, and technology.
• It often reflects a shift towards modernity, but does not always mean embracing democratic values.
• Westernisation can occur at different levels, affecting various segments of society.
• It may lead to a blend of traditional and modern practices, creating unique cultural identities.

Q38: How has Westernization affected our society?
Ans: Westernization has had a significant impact on our society, leading to various changes:

• The caste system has weakened.
• There has been an increase in divorces and a shift towards separation in marriages.
• More women are now working in offices.
• Joint families are gradually transforming into nuclear families.

Q39: What is Culture?
Ans: Culture refers to everything that humans have achieved through their intelligence. It encompasses:

• A collection of views and ideas.
• Ways of living and material possessions.
• Practices and behaviours passed down through generations.

Culture is fundamentally a learned behaviour, shaped by the environment and experiences of individuals.

Q40: What is a Dominant Caste?
Ans: A dominant caste refers to a social group that holds significant power and influence within a community. Key characteristics include:

• Possession of more cultivable land compared to other castes.
• Imitation or emulation by lower castes in terms of customs and practices.

This status often leads to greater social and economic advantages for the dominant caste.

Short Answer Type Question

• Laws exist against child marriage, the dowry system, and child labour, yet these issues persist in India.
• Such practices hinder the country's development.
• To foster societal progress, socio-reform movements are necessary.

In summary, socio-reform movements are vital for instigating meaningful changes in society.

Q42: What is the nature of social movements?
Ans: Social movements are temporary efforts aimed at bringing about change. They differ from institutions, which are permanent and deeply embedded in culture. Key characteristics include:

• They arise to address specific issues or injustices.
• They often mobilise people around a shared goal.
• Once their objectives are achieved, they typically dissolve.

In summary, social movements are dynamic and focused on change, contrasting with the stability of institutions.

Q43: What were the main objectives of Brahmo Samaj?
Ans: Brahmo Samaj was established by Raja Ram Mohun Roy in 1828 CE with several key objectives:

• To eliminate social evils such as Sati Pratha, child marriage, and the caste system.
• To advocate for the remarriage of widows and promote education for women.
• To support inter-caste marriages.
• To influence legislation, leading to the Sati Prohibition Act of 1829 and the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856.

Q44: Explain the reform works done among Muslims.
Ans: The main contribution to the reform movement among Muslims was made by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. After the events of 1857 CE, he noticed that Muslims were facing oppression due to their opposition to the British. To uplift the status of Muslims, he initiated several reform efforts, including:

• Addressing social evils within Muslim society.
• Publishing a magazine to encourage modern techniques.
• Founding a school in Aligarh in 1875 CE, which later became Aligarh Muslim University in 1918 CE.
• Advocating against practices such as polygamy, the Purdah system, and child marriage.
• Promoting women's education.

Other social reformers also worked to raise awareness among Muslims. In 1906 CE, the Muslim League was established, which played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan.

Q45: What do you know about the reform movement among the Parsis?
Ans: In the 19th century, various communities in India, including the Parsis, initiated Socio Reform Movements to address their social issues. Key developments among the Parsis included:

• In 1851, prominent Parsi leaders like Dada Bhai Naoroji, Naoroji Furodonji, and J.B. Bacha established the Rehnumai Majdyasan Sabha. This organisation aimed to promote reforms and connect Parsis with modernisation.
• A significant religious conference was held in 1900 CE to further these reform efforts.
• Parsi leaders used various media, including magazines, newspapers, and lectures, to encourage followers to abandon religious superstitions.
• They also focused on improving women's education and uplifting their social status.

Thanks to these efforts, the Parsis became one of the most westernised communities in Indian society.

Q46: What was the contribution of Raja Ram Mohun Roy to the social reforms of India?
Ans: Raja Ram Mohun Roy, often referred to as the father of modern India, played a pivotal role in India's social reform movement. His contributions include:

• In 1829, he successfully campaigned against the Sati Pratha, leading to its prohibition by the British government.
• He founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828, which aimed to eliminate social evils.
• As a proponent of western education, he encouraged young Indians to pursue it, drawing from his own experiences as a western-educated intellectual.
• He actively opposed the caste system and advocated for the rights of women, including issues like widow remarriage, child marriage, and girl education.

Q47: What were the main features of social movements which were started before independence?
Ans: The main features of social movements that emerged before independence included:

• Efforts to reestablish Hinduism, which faced significant challenges from Muslim rulers and British colonialism.
• Initiatives aimed at uplifting the social status of women, Harijans, and other disadvantaged groups to improve their quality of life.
• A drive to eliminate traditional fundamental ideas and introduce new social systems.
• Actions focused on addressing the inequality of the caste system, promoting feelings of equality and fraternity.
• Promotion of values such as love, fraternity, tolerance, and sacrifice among the Indian populace.

Q48: What are the main features of Reformist Movements?
Ans: Main Features of Reformist Movements

• The reformist movement aims to bring changes to the old social system.
• It typically progresses at a slow pace.
• Reformist movements use peaceful methods to achieve their goals.
• These movements are often found in democratic countries.

Q49: State the main differences between the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj.
Ans: The main differences between the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj are as follows:

• The sacred scripture of the Arya Samaj is Satyarth Prakash, whereas the Brahmo Samaj does not have a specific religious scripture.
• In the Arya Samaj, the Vedas are considered the foundation of their beliefs, unlike in the Brahmo Samaj.
• The Arya Samaj promotes reading in local languages, while the founder of the Brahmo Samaj emphasised the importance of English.
• The Arya Samaj places a strong focus on women's education, whereas Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the founder of the Brahmo Samaj, concentrated on abolishing the Sati Pratha.
• Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj, advocated for adopting Vedic culture, while Raja Ram Mohan Roy accepted Western culture without hesitation.

Q50: Mention something about the process of Sanskritisation.
Ans: Sanskritisation is a term introduced by M.N. Srinivas. It refers to the process where a lower caste, tribe, or group adopts the customs, rituals, beliefs, and lifestyle of a higher caste, particularly a 'twice-born' caste. The impact of Sanskritisation is broad and can be observed in various aspects:

• Language
• Literature
• Ideology
• Music
• Dance
• Drama
• Rituals

This process primarily occurs within the Hindu context, although it can also be seen in other religious groups. Its effects vary across different regions:

• In areas dominated by highly Sanskritised castes, the local culture tends to become more Sanskritised.
• Conversely, in regions where non-Sanskritic castes are prevalent, their cultural influence is stronger, leading to a process called 'de-Sanskritisation'.

Critics of Sanskritisation argue that:

• It exaggerates social mobility, as it often results in positional changes for individuals rather than structural changes in society.
• It reinforces the notion that upper caste customs are superior, while lower caste practices are viewed as inferior.
• It perpetuates inequality and exclusion by justifying beliefs in pollution and purity among different groups.

Q51: What is meant by Secularism?
Ans: Secularism refers to the process of reducing the influence of religion in various aspects of society. According to M.N. Srinivas:

• Secularisation means that things once seen as religious are now viewed differently.
• It involves a differentiation of society, where economic, political, legal, and moral aspects become more distinct.
• In this process, human behaviour is explained through rationalism rather than religious beliefs.
• The role of religion in daily life is decreasing, while the impact of science and objectivity is growing.

Q52: Give two characteristics of modernization.
Ans: Characteristics of Modernization

• Social Differentiation: Modernization leads to a more complex society, where different sectors become specialised and distinct.
• Social Mobility: Traditional social and economic structures evolve, allowing for new values and ideals to emerge.

Q53: How modernization increases social mobility?
Ans: Social mobility is a key feature of modern societies. Modernization enhances social mobility through various factors:

• The division of labour allows individuals to specialise in different occupations.
• Urbanisation and improved transportation enable people to relocate for better job opportunities.
• Access to education empowers individuals to pursue careers that match their skills and interests.
• Increased communication facilitates networking and job searching.

As a result, people can achieve success based on their intelligence and capabilities, rather than their background. This shift fosters new values, replacing traditional norms with more progressive ideas. Thus, modernization significantly contributes to increased social mobility.

Q54: State the important elements of secularisation.
Ans:

• Lack of Religiousness: There is a shift in religious beliefs, with more focus on practical outcomes. This means individuals can be influenced regardless of their religion.
• Rationality: Decisions and problems are approached through rational thinking, leading to a decline in belief in old superstitions.
• Differentiation: Various aspects of society, such as economic, political, and social, are seen as separate, reducing the influence of religion in these areas.

Q55: Write any two changes due to secularisation.
Ans: Changes due to secularisation:

• Shift in pollution and purity concepts: The traditional views on pollution and purity have diminished. Now, food from all castes is considered pure, promoting equal relations among different religions.
• Transformation of rituals: Many rituals associated with Hinduism, such as those related to childbirth or widowhood, have largely ceased. Individual abilities are now valued more than traditional practices.

Q56: Define the term assimilation. [Old NCERT]
Ans: Assimilation is a process where cultural differences diminish as subordinate groups adopt the culture of a dominant majority. Key points include:

• The process can be forced or voluntary.
• Subordinate groups often lose their unique cultural identity.
• Assimilation is usually incomplete, as full equality is rarely achieved.

Q57: Give four features of social movements. [Old NCERT]
Ans:

• Social movements are often collective efforts aimed at enacting change.
• They are typically planned and deliberate in their approach.
• Their primary goal is to bring about reforms within society.
• Individual actions are usually insufficient; hence, group participation is essential.

Q58: Why were socio-reform movements started in India? Or State the main concerns of 19th century’s social reforms?
Ans: Socio-reform movements in India emerged for several key reasons:

• Social evils were deeply rooted in religion, leading to societal divisions based on caste.
• Breaking caste rules was often viewed as a sin, reinforcing social hierarchies.
• The status of women was very low, resulting in their lack of importance in society.
• Illiteracy was widespread, contributing to the persistence of social issues.
• Common social problems included the caste system, Sati, child marriage, child infanticide, and restrictions on widow remarriage.

These factors motivated social reformers to initiate changes, leading to the establishment of various reform movements across India.

Q59: Write the names of a few of the organizations of the 19th and 20th century who initiated the socio-reform works.
Ans:

• Arya Samaj
• Brahmo Samaj
• Prarthna Samaj
• Sangat Sabha
• Ramakrishna Mission
• Harijan Sewak Sangha
• Vidhva Vivaha Sangh
• Arya Mahila Samaj

Q60: What do you know about the Swadeshi Movement [Old NCERT]
Ans: The Swadeshi Movement was a significant part of India's struggle for independence from British rule. It emerged in the early 20th century and aimed to promote Indian goods and boycott British products. Here are some key points:

• Origins: The movement began in response to the partition of Bengal in 1905, which was seen as an attempt to divide and rule.
• Goals: It sought to foster national pride and self-reliance by encouraging the use of indigenous products.
• Methods: Activists organised protests, boycotts, and the establishment of local industries.
• Impact: The movement united people across different regions and communities, strengthening the nationalist sentiment.
• Legacy: It laid the groundwork for future movements and was instrumental in the eventual independence of India in 1947.

Q60: What do you know about the Swadeshi Movement?
Ans: The Swadeshi Movement aimed to promote the use of goods made in India and foster a sense of national pride. Key aspects include:

• Encouraging the use of local products and the establishment of local industries.
• Promoting national education and cultural awareness.
• Boycotting foreign goods, educational institutions, and banks.
• Initiated in 1905 after the British partition of Bengal, it quickly spread across India.
• Widespread participation from the general public led to increased consumption of local goods.
• Resulted in the development of Indian industries and a growing movement against British rule.

This movement played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence.

Q61: Why were the Tribal Movements started?
Ans: Tribal movements in India emerged as a response to the threats faced by tribal communities. Here are the key reasons for their initiation:

• Preservation of Culture: Tribal people are deeply committed to maintaining their unique culture and identity.
• Response to Interference: Movements often arise when there is an attempt to change their way of life or when their cultural practices are threatened.
• Overlooked Demands: When the needs and demands of tribal communities are ignored, they mobilise for change.
• Historical Examples:
  • The movement for the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand successfully highlighted tribal rights.
  • Birsa Munda led a significant movement against the influence of Christianity, which resulted in many converted tribal members returning to Hinduism.

In summary, tribal movements are fundamentally about safeguarding their identity and cultural heritage.

Q62: What were Gandhiji’s views about the prevailing evils of society?
Ans: Gandhiji's views on the prevailing evils of society included:

• Equal status for lower castes: Gandhiji believed that lower castes should have the same rights as upper castes. He referred to them as ‘Harijan’ and actively worked for their upliftment.
• Gender equality: He advocated for the equality of women and encouraged their participation in the national movement, leading to the involvement of many women.
• Opposition to alcoholism: In 1926, he initiated a movement against alcoholism, highlighting its negative impact on society.
• Untouchability: Gandhiji argued that true freedom for India was unattainable without the elimination of untouchability.

Q63: What were the main features of the Revolutionary movement? [Old NCERT]
Ans: Main Features of the Revolutionary Movement

• The movement aimed to overthrow the existing system and create a new social order.
• It often employed violent and repressive measures.
• Initiated during times when the masses sought to eliminate social evils.
• Typically arose to challenge autocratic rule and its leaders.
• Characterised by its quick and spontaneous nature.

Q64: What were the main objectives of the Singh Sabha Movement?
Ans:

• Re-establish the sacredness of Sikhism.
• Develop Sikh religious and cultural literature.
• Bring back converted Sikhs into Sikhism.
• Remove superstitions and evils from Sikhism.
• Spread and propagate education.
• Work for equal rights of males and females.
• Promote the propaganda of Sikhism.

Q65: What are the results of westernization?
Ans: Change in Institutions:

• Westernisation has led to significant changes in societal institutions.
• Traditional norms around marriage, family, the caste system, and religion have become less rigid.

Change in Values:

• Societal values are evolving, with a growing awareness of the right to equality.
• Education has fostered individualism and more formal relationships.

Change in the Importance of Religion:

• The role of religion has diminished; people now engage with only the necessary aspects.
• In the past, there was a fear of religious norms, which is less prevalent today.

The Spread of Education:

• Education is expanding rapidly, with the literacy rate currently at 74% and rising.

Q66: Explain the meaning of Westernisation. Or Define Westernisation.
Ans: Westernisation refers to the changes in Indian society and culture resulting from over 150 years of British rule. According to M.N. Srinivas, this term encompasses various transformations at different levels, including:

• Technology
• Institutions
• Ideology
• Values

These changes arose from political and cultural interactions with Western countries. Westernisation can manifest in several ways:

• Adoption of Western lifestyles and attire.
• Influence on family structures and social norms.
• Integration of Western ideas of equality and democracy.

While some aspects of Westernisation are evident, such as clothing and lifestyle, it also involves deeper cultural shifts and reinterpretations of tradition.

Q67: Give differences between Sanskritisation and Westernisation.

Ans:Sanskritisation and Westernisation are two distinct cultural processes in India, each with unique characteristics:

• Sanskritisation refers to the process where lower castes adopt the practices, rituals, and beliefs of higher castes, primarily within the Hindu tradition.
• This process often involves the emulation of customs, language, and lifestyle associated with the higher castes to gain social status.
• Sanskritisation can lead to a change in identity and social mobility for those involved.

In contrast:

• Westernisation is the adoption of Western cultural elements, including lifestyle, attire, and values, often influenced by colonial history.
• This process can encompass changes in technology, institutions, and ideologies, impacting various aspects of Indian society.
• Westernisation may lead to a questioning of traditional norms and practices, promoting ideas like equality and democracy.

In summary, while Sanskritisation focuses on adopting higher caste practices within a traditional framework, Westernisation involves a broader shift towards modernity and Western cultural influences.

Q68: Which two changes come due to modernization?
Ans: Secularisation: Modernisation has led to the establishment of secular values in Indian society. Now, individuals from any religious background can attain high positions in the country. This shift promotes qualities such as cooperation, love, and patience, fostering equality within society. Industrialisation: The rise of industrialisation has met the needs of India's growing population. This has resulted in:

• The emergence of large-scale industries.
• The decline of domestic industries and traditional joint families.

Q69: The establishment of new classes takes place with modernization. How?
Ans: The process of modernisation creates opportunities for individuals, leading to the establishment of new social classes. Key points include:

• If society has only one class, it is considered a classless society.
• Different individuals possess varying abilities, resulting in distinctions based on money, occupation, and education.
• In modern society, money plays a crucial role, leading to divisions among people based on political and religious affiliations.
• Labour unions often resort to conflict to achieve their objectives.
• Various occupations have formed their own unions to represent their interests.

Q70: Mention two factors of secularisation.
Ans: Factors of secularisation:

• Modern Education: This promotes equality by allowing individuals to achieve success based on their abilities rather than their social status. It enhances knowledge and reduces traditional hierarchies.
• Development of Transport and Communication: Improved transport and communication have connected people more closely, diminishing feelings of untouchability and discrimination, leading to more equal relationships.

Q71: What is the effect of secularisation on the family?
Ans: The effect of secularisation on the family has been significant:

• The traditional joint family system was crucial in Indian society, primarily due to the reliance on agriculture.
• As India develops, the influence of secularisation has altered people's views on old traditions.
• Many functions of the family have shifted to other institutions, leading to a decline in family roles.
• Consequently, the joint family system has weakened.