Random Nature of Radioactive Decay | Physics for Grade 10 PDF Download

Introduction

• It cannot be predicted when a particular unstable nucleus will decay
• This is because radioactive decay is a random process, this means that:
  • There is an equal probability of any nucleus decaying
  • It cannot be known which particular nucleus will decay next
  • It cannot be known at what time a particular nucleus will decay
  • The rate of decay is unaffected by the surrounding conditions
  • It is only possible to estimate the probability of a nuclei decaying in a given time period
• For example, a researcher might take some readings of background radiation
• If the researcher reset the counter to zero, waited one minute and then took the count reading and repeated the procedure, they might obtain results such as:
  32    11    25    16    28
• The readings don't appear to follow a particular trend
  • This happens because of the randomness of radioactive decay

Dice Analogy

• An analogy is a way of understanding an idea by using a different but similar situation
• Rolling dice is a good analogy of radioactive decay because it is similar to the random nature of radioactive decay
  
  A dice roll is a random process because you don't know when you will roll a particular value. However, you can determine the probability of a particular result
• Imagine someone rolling a dice and trying to get a ‘6’
• Each time they roll, they do not know what the result will be
• But they know there is a 1/6 probability that it will be a 6
• If they were to roll the dice 1000 times, it would be very likely that they would roll a 6 at least once
• The random nature of radioactive decay can be demonstrated by observing the count rate of a Geiger-Muller (GM) tube
  • When a GM tube is placed near a radioactive source, the counts are found to be irregular and cannot be predicted
  • Each count represents a decay of an unstable nucleus
  • These fluctuations in count rate on the GM tube provide evidence for the randomness of radioactive decay
    The variation of count rate over time of a sample radioactive gas. The fluctuations show the randomness of radioactive decay