In the field of endocrinology, measuring hormone concentrations has been a challenge due to their extremely low levels in the bloodstream, often as low as one millionth of a microgram per mL. However, a groundbreaking technique called radioimmunoassay was developed in the mid 20th century, enabling the measurement of hormones and their end products. Radioimmunoassay involves a four-step procedure: developing an antibody specific to the hormone, mixing the antibody with fluid samples from the organism being tested and purified standard hormone samples marked with a radioactive isotope, analyzing the relative binding using radioactive counting techniques, and creating a "standard curve" relationship between radioactive concentration and organism hormone concentrations. This technique allows for the measurement of hormone concentrations even in extremely small quantities, with an error rate of 10-15 percent.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
Try yourself: What is the error rate when using the "standard curve" in radioimmunoassay?
A
5-10 percent
B
10-15 percent
C
15-20 percent
D
20-25 percent
Correct Answer: B
The passage mentions that the "standard curve" of hormone concentrations can elucidate unknown concentrations within an error rate of 10-15 percent.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
Try yourself: What technique revolutionized the measurement of hormone concentrations?
A
Radiography
B
Radioimmunoassay
C
Fluorescence microscopy
D
Magnetic resonance imaging
Correct Answer: B
The passage states that the revolutionary technique that enabled the measurement of hormone concentrations is called radioimmunoassay.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
Try yourself: What is the purpose of the first step in radioimmunoassay?
A
Analyzing the relative binding using radioactive counting techniques
B
Mixing the antibody with fluid samples
C
Developing an antibody specific to the hormone
D
Creating a "standard curve" relationship
Correct Answer: C
The first step in radioimmunoassay involves developing an antibody that specifically targets the hormone of interest.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
Try yourself: How does radioimmunoassay determine the relative concentration of hormone samples?
A
By analyzing the relative binding using radioactive counting techniques
B
By mixing the antibody with fluid samples
C
By creating a "standard curve" relationship
D
By developing an antibody specific to the hormone
Correct Answer: A
The passage explains that in radioimmunoassay, the relative concentration of hormone samples is determined by analyzing the relative binding using radioactive counting techniques.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
Try yourself: What does the "standard curve" in radioimmunoassay represent?
A
The amount of antibody needed to bind the hormone in the fluid
B
The radioactive concentration of the hormone
C
The relative concentration of hormone samples
D
The error rate of the assay
Correct Answer: C
The passage states that the "standard curve" in radioimmunoassay represents the relationship between radioactive concentration and organism hormone concentrations, allowing for the determination of relative hormone concentrations.
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