Q1: Define manufacturing.
Ans: Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials into more valuable finished or semi-finished products is called manufacturing.
Q2: How do manufacturing industries help agriculture?
Ans: They help modernise agriculture by supplying farm machinery, fertilisers and processed inputs; they also provide alternative employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors, reducing dependence on farm income.
Q3: What was the main philosophy behind public sector industries?
Ans: The public sector aimed to reduce unemployment and poverty, and to lessen regional and social disparities by setting up industries in tribal and backward areas.
Q4: How does manufacturing help in earning foreign exchange?
Ans: By exporting manufactured goods, a country expands trade and earns foreign exchange, which can be used to import raw materials, capital goods and other necessities.
Q5: What is the idea behind prosperity of the country?
Ans: Nations that add value to raw materials by manufacturing a wide range of finished goods tend to be more prosperous because they earn higher incomes and create more jobs.
Q6: What is the contribution of industries to national economy?
Ans: Over the last two decades, manufacturing's share has stagnated at about 17 per cent of GDP; together with mining, quarrying, electricity and gas, the combined share is around 27 per cent.
Q7: How does industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand?
Ans: Industrialisation and urbanisation reinforce each other: cities provide markets, a skilled and unskilled workforce, and services such as banking, insurance, transport and consultancy that industries need.
Q8: What are agglomeration economies?
Ans: Agglomeration economies are the advantages industries gain when they concentrate in one place, such as easier access to markets, skilled labour, suppliers and shared services.
Q9: Where were manufacturing units located in Pre-independence period?
Ans: In the pre-independence period, most manufacturing units were located around major port cities important for overseas trade, such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
Q10: What are consumer industries?
Ans: Consumer industries produce goods for direct use by people, for example sugar, toothpaste, paper and sewing machines.
Q11: Classify industries on the basis of ownership.
Ans: (i) Public Sector
(ii) Private Sector
(iii) Joint Sector
(iv) Cooperative Sector
Q12: Give one difference between public and private sectors.
Ans: Public sector enterprises are owned and operated by the government (e.g., BHEL, SAIL), whereas private sector industries are owned and run by individuals or private companies (e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur).
Q13: Which twin states of India are known for cotton production?
Ans: Maharashtra and Gujarat are the twin states of India known for cotton production.
Q14: Why are more cotton textile mills located in Gujarat and Maharashtra?
Ans: Availability of raw cotton, good local markets, transport links including accessible port facilities, abundant labour and a moist climate favourable for spinning and weaving contributed to their localisation.
Q15: Name the people who are provided employment opportunities by cotton textile industries.
Ans: Cotton farmers and cotton boll pluckers; workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing; and people employed in related trades such as chemical and dye manufacturers, mill stores, packaging suppliers and engineering works.
Q16: What standard is India maintaining in weaving and spinning processes in India?
Ans: India has world-class production in spinning and produces high-quality yarn, but the weaving sector often lags behind and is unable to fully use the best yarn produced in the country.
Q17: What are the main problems faced by cotton textile industries?
Ans: Major problems include erratic power supply, outdated machinery that needs upgrading, low labour productivity and stiff competition from the synthetic-fibre industry.
Q18: What is India's status in jute production?
Ans: India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and is the second-largest exporter after Bangladesh.
Q19: Where was the first jute mill set up?
Ans: The first jute mill was set up in 1859 at Rishra near Kolkata.
Q20: What happened to jute production after partition?
Ans: After partition in 1947 most jute mills remained in India, but about three-fourths of the jute-growing area went to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), creating a shortage of raw jute for Indian mills.
