Assertion & Reason Type Questions: Working Of Institutions

Q1: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A): Working with institutions is easy.
Reason (R): Institutions involve rules and regulations.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (d)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: The statement that working with institutions is easy is incorrect. Institutions usually have formal procedures, multiple levels of approval and fixed timelines that can make working with them complicated.
(ii) Reason: Institutions do involve rules and regulations which guide their functioning and maintain order.
(iii) Justification: Because of these rules and procedures, working with institutions can be challenging rather than easy. Thus the assertion is wrong while the reason is correct.

Q2: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A): The judiciary in India is independent.
Reason (R): India is a secular country.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (b)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: The judiciary in India is intended to be independent so that it can interpret the Constitution and laws without interference from the executive or legislature.
(ii) Reason: India being a secular country is a separate constitutional principle that requires equal treatment of all religions by the state.
(iii) Justification: Both statements are true but secularism does not explain why the judiciary is independent. Judicial independence is aimed at upholding the rule of law and separation of powers, so (b) is the correct choice.

Q3: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A) : In India, the judiciary is independent of the executive.
Reason (R) : Judiciary favours the government and helps in the implementation of its plans.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (c)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: It is correct that the judiciary is independent of the executive; this independence helps to maintain checks and balances in government.
(ii) Reason: The claim that the judiciary favours the government and helps implement its plans is incorrect because the judiciary's role is to interpret the law impartially, not to support the executive.
(iii) Justification: Since the assertion is true and the reason is false, option (c) is correct.

Q4: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A): India is a secular state.
Reason (R): Secularism dictates that there is no official religion of the state
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (a)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: India is a secular state as established by the Constitution; the state must treat all religions equally.
(ii) Reason: Secularism means that the state has no official religion and does not favour any particular faith.
(iii) Justification: Since the reason precisely states the meaning of secularism and explains why India is called a secular state, both statements are true and (R) correctly explains (A). Hence option (a) is correct.

Q5: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A) : In India political parties which formed the government represent the majority of seats secured in the elections to the House of the People at the Centre and the Legislative Assemblies in the States but not the Majority of votes.
Reason (R ) : The elections based on the majority vote system decided the result on the basis of relative majority of votes secured.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (a)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: It is true that parties which form governments usually have a majority of seats, but they may not have a majority of the total votes cast across the country or state.
(ii) Reason: India follows the first-past-the-post system where the candidate with the highest votes in a constituency wins, even if that is not an absolute majority of votes.
(iii) Justification: Because seats are won constituency by constituency on the basis of relative majority, a party can secure more seats without winning the majority of total votes. Thus both statements are true and (R) explains (A), so option (a) is correct.

Q6: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A): The Rajya sabha is called the upper chamber
Reason (R): The rajya sabha is more powerful than lok sabha.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (c)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: The Rajya Sabha is referred to as the upper chamber of Parliament; this is a correct description.
(ii) Reason: The claim that Rajya Sabha is more powerful than Lok Sabha is incorrect in important respects - for example, money bills and confidence motions are decided by the Lok Sabha.
(iii) Justification: While Rajya Sabha has special powers in certain areas, overall the Lok Sabha has supremacy on financial matters and government formation. Therefore (A) is true and (R) is false, so option (c) is correct.

Q7: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A) : The Constitution of India has made the President the Supreme Commander of Armed Forces.
Reason (R ) : Democracy maintains civilian supremacy over the military force.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (a)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: The Constitution of India designates the President as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces; this is a correct constitutional provision.
(ii) Reason: In a democracy it is important that civilians control the military so that armed forces remain under elected authority and the rule of law is preserved.
(iii) Justification: The President's role as Supreme Commander symbolises civilian supremacy over the military; thus both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion. Option (a) is correct.

Q8: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A): all the modern democracies have Court that are independent of the Legislature and executive
Reason (R):  judge do not act on the direction of the government.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (a)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: It is true that modern democracies establish courts that are independent from the legislature and the executive to protect rights and uphold the law.
(ii) Reason: Judges in an independent judiciary do not take directions from the government; they decide cases according to law and evidence.
(iii) Justification: The independence of judges from government control is the reason why democracies have separate courts, so both statements are true and (R) explains (A); option (a) is correct.

Q9: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A): The supreme court can declare invalid any law of the legislative
Reason (R):  it can be determine the legal validity of the law, when it is challenged.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (a)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: The Supreme Court of India has the power of judicial review and can declare a law of the legislature invalid if it violates the Constitution.
(ii) Reason: The Court determines the legal validity of laws when they are challenged before it in appropriate cases.
(iii) Justification: Because the Supreme Court can examine and rule on the constitutional validity of legislation, the reason directly explains the assertion. Therefore both statements are true and (R) explains (A); option (a) is correct.

Q10: Direction: In the questions given below, there are two Statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the Statements and Choose the correct option: 
Assertion (A): The Government of India issued an important order on August 13, 1990.
Reason (R): This order, known as the Office Memorandum, was signed by the Joint Secretary in the Department of Personnel and Training.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Ans: (a)

Explanation:
(i) Assertion: The Government of India did issue a notable order on 13 August 1990; this is a factual statement about that administrative action.
(ii) Reason: The order referred to as the Office Memorandum was indeed signed by the Joint Secretary in the Department of Personnel and Training, as that department handles such service matters.
(iii) Justification: Because the Office Memorandum was issued on that date and was signed by the Joint Secretary in DoPT, the reason correctly explains the assertion. Therefore both statements are true and (R) explains (A); option (a) is correct.