I. Based on your understanding, choose the correct option.
Q1.
Ans: (a)
Q2.
Ans: (c)
Q3.
Ans: (b)
Q4.
Ans: (a)
Q5.
Ans: (a)
Q6.
Ans: (b)
Q7.
Ans: (a)
Q8.
Ans: (b)
Q9.
Ans: (b)
Q10.
Ans: (a)
II. Answer the following in one sentence.
Q11.
Ans: Mangal kavyas are a form of Bengali literature with themes of good omens and auspiciousness.
Q12.
Ans: The Yadava dynasty of Devagiri adopted Marathi as a court language.
Q13.
Ans: The three jewels of Kannada literature are Pompa, Pampa, and Raima.
Q14.
Ans: Two ragas introduced by Tansen are Miyan ki Malhar and Darbari.
Q15.
Ans: Two examples of Bengali literature are Krishnadas Kaviraj’s Chaitanya Charitamrita and Daulat Qazi's Lor Chandrani.
III. Answer the following questions in brief.
Q16.
Ans: The musical traditions of north and south India began to change during the medieval times due to the influence of the Turks, leading to the development of Hindustani music in the north and Carnatic music in the south.
Q17.
Ans: Malayalam developed as a regional language in Kerala, influenced by Sanskrit, and its earliest literary compositions showed a strong Sanskrit influence, especially in the Manipravalam tradition.
Q18.
Ans: Kathak evolved from the devotional recitation of stories of gods and goddesses by storytellers (kathakaras) and became popular in Mughal courts, with distinct influences in costume design.
Q19.
Ans: The main features of Mughal paintings included a synthesis of Indian, Central Asian, and Persian traditions, with common themes like hunting scenes and the royal court. Miniature painting was introduced, and the style featured fine lines, naturalism, and a three-dimensional effect.
Q20.
Ans: Bengali evolved as a language through a process of mixing Sanskrit, tribal languages, Persian, and European languages, with influences from the Bhakti movement and the patronage of rulers like Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah.
IV. Answer the following questions in detail.
Q21.
Ans: The development of regional languages during the medieval period in India was a significant cultural phenomenon. Various languages, including Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, and Hindi, flourished during this time. These languages evolved and developed under the influence of local rulers, religious movements, and literary developments, contributing to the rich tapestry of Indian linguistic diversity.
Q22.
Ans: Amir Khusrau was a prominent figure in medieval India known for his contributions to literature and music. He is credited with enriching classical Indian music and creating the qawwali form of devotional singing. Khusrau also made significant contributions to the development of the ghazal genre in literature. His versatile talents left a lasting impact on Indian culture.
Q23.
Ans: Medieval dance forms in India were often associated with classical traditions and were rooted in Hindu mythology and legends. These dance forms served as a medium of emotional expression, storytelling, and drama. Key classical dance forms included Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathak (north India), Kathakali (Kerala), Mohiniattam (Kerala), Odissi (Odisha), Manipuri (Manipur), and Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh). Each of these dance forms had its distinct themes, styles, and cultural influences.
Q24.
Ans: Hindi developed as an important language during the medieval times through the gradual evolution of various forms of Hindi, including Braj Bhasha, Khari Boli, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi. These regional variations of Hindi were used in literary compositions, especially in the devotional songs of Bhakti saints. The development of Hindi as a language was closely tied to the patronage of regional rulers and the influence of religious and cultural movements.
Q25.
Ans: Music in Bengal during the medieval period was rich and diverse. It included various forms of music, such as Baul singing, kirtan, and Jatras (musical dramas). Folk, classical, and modern music were all popular in Bengal. Baul singing, with its devotional and mystical themes, was particularly famous. The region also saw the popularization of kirtan compositions that celebrated the divine love between Radha and Krishna. The evolution of the Bengali language and its various influences played a crucial role in shaping the musical traditions of Bengal.
