Worksheet Solutions: World Climate and Climate Change | Geography Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Q1: The most widely used climate classification scheme is developed by __________.
Ans: Koeppen
Koeppen is known for his widely used climate classification system.

Q2: Koeppen's climate classification is based on __________ and __________ data.
Ans: mean annual and mean monthly
Koeppen's system relies on both annual and monthly data to classify climates.

Q3: The capital letters A, C, D, and E are used to delineate __________ climates.
Ans: humid
Capital letters A, C, D, and E are used to denote climates with higher precipitation and humidity.

Q4: Tropical wet climate (Af) is primarily found near the __________.
Ans: no dry season
The small letter 'f' represents climates with no dry season.

Q5: Tropical evergreen forests with dense canopy cover are typically found in __________ climate.
Ans: equator
The Af climate type is characterized by its proximity to the equator.

Q6: Dry climates cover a large area extending from __________ north and south of the equator.
Ans: Tropical Wet Climate (Af)
The Af climate type is conducive to lush evergreen forests.

Q7: Subtropical steppe (BSh) receives slightly more rainfall than __________.
Ans: 15° - 60°

Q8: Warm temperate climates mainly exist between __________ of latitude.
Ans: subtropical desert (BWh)
BSh and BWh climates have similar precipitation characteristics, but BSh receives slightly more rainfall.

Q9: Humid subtropical climate (Cwa) is characterized by __________ winters.
Ans: 30° - 50°
Warm temperate climates are typically found between 30° to 50° latitude.

Q10: Format the above text in a clean manner that is perfectly usable.
Ans: warm
Cwa climate has mild winters compared to some other climate types.

Assertion and Reason Based

Q1: Assertion (A): Koeppen's climate classification is based on mean annual temperature and precipitation.
Reason (R): The distribution of vegetation is not related to climate.
(a) A and R are both correct, and R explains A.
(b) A and R are both correct, but R does not explain A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.
Ans: (b)
Koeppen's classification is indeed based on mean temperature and precipitation, but the reason does not correctly explain the assertion. In fact, the distribution of vegetation is related to climate.

Q2: Assertion (A): Dry climates cover a large area between 15° - 60° north and south of the equator.
Reason (R): Dry climates are more common on the eastern margins of continents.
(a) A and R are both correct, and R explains A.
(b) A and R are both correct, but R does not explain A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.
Ans: (b)
The assertion is correct, but the reason does not provide a proper explanation for why dry climates are common on the eastern margins of continents.

Q3: Assertion (A): Subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) climates receive similar amounts of rainfall.
Reason (R): Rainfall in these climates is highly variable, often causing famine.
(a) A and R are both correct, and R explains A.
(b) A and R are both correct, but R does not explain A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.
Ans: (a)
Both the assertion and the reason are correct. The variability in rainfall in BSh and BWh climates often leads to famine.

Q4: Assertion (A): Tropical monsoon climate (Am) is characterized by heavy rainfall in summer and dry winters.
Reason (R): It is primarily found in North America.
(a) A and R are both correct, and R explains A.
(b) A and R are both correct, but R does not explain A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.
Ans: (b)
The assertion is correct, but the reason is not accurate. Tropical monsoon climate (Am) is primarily found in South Asia and not North America.

Q5: Assertion (A): Humid subtropical climate (Cwa) is similar to Aw climate except for warm winters.
Reason (R): Cwa climate is found mainly in North Indian plains and South China interior plains.
(a) A and R are both correct, and R explains A.
(b) A and R are both correct, but R does not explain A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.
Ans: (a)
Both the assertion and reason are correct. Cwa climate is indeed similar to Aw climate except for the presence of warm winters and is typically found in North Indian plains and South China interior plains.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: What is the basis of Koeppen's climate classification?
Ans: The basis of Koeppen's climate classification is the relationship between climate and vegetation.

Q2: How are climates classified using capital and small letters in Koeppen's system?
Ans: Climates are classified using capital letters for major groups and small letters for subdivisions.

Q3: Name the five major climatic groups in Koeppen's classification.
Ans: The five major climatic groups in Koeppen's classification are A, B, C, D, and E.

Q4: What does the small letter 'f' indicate in climate classification?
Ans: The small letter 'f' indicates that the climate has an average temperature below freezing point for one or more months.

Q5: Which climate type is primarily found near the equator with uniformly high temperatures?
Ans: The climate type primarily found near the equator with uniformly high temperatures is the tropical rainforest climate (Af).

Q6: In which climate type do tropical evergreen forests with dense canopy cover thrive?
Ans: Tropical evergreen forests with dense canopy cover thrive in the tropical rainforest climate (Af).

Q7: What characterizes the steppe or semi-arid climate (BS)?
Ans: The steppe or semi-arid climate (BS) is characterized by low precipitation and grassland vegetation.

Q8: What are the two main subdivisions of dry climates according to Koeppen's classification?
Ans: The two main subdivisions of dry climates according to Koeppen's classification are B (dry) and E (polar).

Q9: Where are subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) climates typically located?
Ans: Subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) climates are typically located in the subtropical zones.

Q10: Describe the characteristics of the humid subtropical climate (Cwa).
Ans: The humid subtropical climate (Cwa) is characterized by hot, humid summers, mild winters, and significant precipitation throughout the year.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Explain the characteristics of the tropical wet climate (Af).
Ans: The tropical wet climate (Af) is characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year. This climate is typically found in equatorial regions, such as the Amazon rainforest and parts of Central Africa. The average temperature in this climate zone remains consistently high, usually above 18°C (64°F), with minimal seasonal variation. Precipitation is abundant, often exceeding 2,000 millimeters (78 inches) annually, and there is no distinct dry season. The high humidity and consistent warmth create a lush and dense tropical rainforest ecosystem.

Q2: Describe the key features of the tropical monsoon climate (Am).
Ans: The tropical monsoon climate (Am) is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. It is typically found in regions close to the equator, such as Southeast Asia, India, and northern Australia. During the wet season, which is usually associated with the summer months, these areas receive heavy rainfall. The dry season, on the other hand, experiences significantly less precipitation. Temperatures in the tropical monsoon climate remain high throughout the year, with little variation between seasons. This climate type supports diverse ecosystems, including rainforests and savannas.

Q3: What are the characteristics of the tropical wet and dry climate (Aw)?
Ans: The tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, similar to the tropical monsoon climate. However, in the tropical wet and dry climate, the dry season is longer and more pronounced. This climate type is commonly found in regions bordering the tropical wet climate, such as parts of Africa, South America, and Australia. The wet season is characterized by heavy rainfall, while the dry season experiences significantly reduced precipitation. The average temperature remains high throughout the year, but there may be some seasonal variation.

Q4: Discuss the main characteristics of dry climates (B) and their distribution.
Ans: Dry climates (B) are characterized by low rainfall and limited vegetation. These regions experience aridity due to factors such as proximity to deserts, rain shadow effects, or the presence of cold ocean currents. Dry climates can be further classified into subtropical desert (BWh) and subtropical steppe (BSh) climates. Subtropical deserts are extremely arid and receive minimal precipitation, while subtropical steppes receive slightly more rainfall and support sparse vegetation. Dry climates are typically found in regions such as the Sahara Desert, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of the Great Basin in the United States.

Q5: Differentiate between subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) climates.
Ans: Subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) climates are both dry climate types, but they differ in terms of precipitation and vegetation. Subtropical deserts (BWh) are extremely arid, receiving minimal rainfall, usually less than 250 millimeters (10 inches) annually. They are characterized by vast stretches of barren land and minimal vegetation. Subtropical steppes (BSh), on the other hand, receive slightly more rainfall, typically between 250 to 500 millimeters (10 to 20 inches) annually. This allows for the growth of some grasses and shrubs, creating a more diverse but still sparse vegetation cover.

Q6: What are warm temperate (mid-latitude) climates, and where are they typically found?
Ans: Warm temperate (mid-latitude) climates are characterized by moderate temperatures and distinct seasons. These climates are typically found in the middle latitudes, between approximately 30° and 50° latitude in both hemispheres. Warm temperate climates are influenced by both tropical and polar air masses, resulting in relatively mild winters and warm summers. They can be further classified into Mediterranean (Csa/Csb), Humid subtropical (Cwa/Cwb), and Marine west coast (Cfb/Cfc) climates, depending on factors such as rainfall patterns and proximity to large bodies of water.

Q7: Explain the characteristics of the humid subtropical climate (Cwa).
Ans: The humid subtropical climate (Cwa) is characterized by hot and humid summers, mild winters, and ample rainfall throughout the year. This climate type is typically found in the southeastern United States, eastern China, and parts of South America. Summers in humid subtropical regions are hot, with temperatures often exceeding 30°C (86°F), while winters are mild, with temperatures rarely dropping below freezing. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, although some regions may experience a slight decrease in rainfall during the winter months.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: How does Koeppen's climate classification system work, and what is its significance in understanding global climates?
Ans: Koeppen's climate classification system categorizes climates based on temperature and precipitation patterns. It divides the world into five main climate groups: tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar. Each group is further divided into subcategories based on specific climatic characteristics.
The system is significant in understanding global climates because it provides a standardized way of classifying and comparing different regions. It allows scientists and researchers to study and analyze climate data on a global scale, facilitating the identification of climate trends and patterns. This classification system also helps in predicting and understanding the distribution of vegetation, wildlife, and human settlements across different climate zones.
By providing a common language for describing climates, Koeppen's system enables effective communication and collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and other stakeholders. It aids in assessing the potential impacts of climate change, identifying vulnerable regions, and developing strategies for adaptation and mitigation. Overall, Koeppen's climate classification system plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the Earth's climate system and its complex interactions.

Q2: Discuss the impact of tropical humid climates on biodiversity and ecosystems.
Ans: Tropical humid climates, also known as tropical rainforests, are characterized by high temperatures, abundant rainfall, and rich biodiversity. These environments support a wide array of plant and animal species, making them some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth.
The high levels of rainfall and consistent warmth create ideal conditions for plant growth, resulting in dense vegetation and lush forests. This vegetation provides habitat and food sources for countless species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. The complex web of interactions between these species contributes to the overall biodiversity of tropical rainforests.
Tropical humid climates also play a crucial role in regulating global climate patterns. The dense vegetation acts as a carbon sink, absorbing and storing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This helps mitigate the impacts of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations.
However, tropical humid climates are facing significant threats due to human activities such as deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and climate change. These activities disrupt ecosystems, leading to the loss of biodiversity and the extinction of species. It is essential to protect and conserve these unique ecosystems to maintain their biodiversity and the ecological services they provide.

Q3: Explain the consequences of deforestation in tropical humid climates and how it contributes to climate change.
Ans: Deforestation in tropical humid climates has severe consequences for both the local and global environment. When forests are cleared for agriculture, logging, or urbanization, several negative impacts occur.
One of the primary consequences is the loss of biodiversity. Tropical rainforests are home to a vast number of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth. Deforestation destroys their habitats, leading to the extinction of species and a significant loss of biodiversity.
Additionally, deforestation contributes to climate change. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere. When forests are cleared, the carbon stored in trees is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
The removal of trees also leads to soil erosion, decreased water quality, and altered rainfall patterns. The loss of forest cover disrupts the water cycle, affecting local climate conditions and reducing the availability of freshwater for both humans and wildlife.
To mitigate the consequences of deforestation in tropical humid climates, it is crucial to promote sustainable land-use practices, such as reforestation, agroforestry, and conservation initiatives. These measures help restore forest cover, protect biodiversity, and mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide.

Q4: What measures can be taken to mitigate the impacts of climate change on tropical humid climates, and why are they important?
Ans: Mitigating the impacts of climate change on tropical humid climates requires a combination of global and local measures.
Some key strategies include:

• Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: This can be achieved through the adoption of cleaner energy sources, energy efficiency measures, and sustainable transportation. By reducing emissions, we can limit global warming and minimize the impacts on tropical humid climates.
• Conserving and restoring forests: Protecting existing forest ecosystems and implementing reforestation initiatives can help sequester carbon dioxide and maintain biodiversity. Forest conservation also helps regulate local climate conditions and supports the livelihoods of local communities.
• Supporting sustainable agriculture: Promoting sustainable farming practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, reduces deforestation and soil degradation. These practices also enhance the resilience of agricultural systems to climate change impacts.
• Enhancing resilience and adaptation: Investing in climate-resilient infrastructure, early warning systems, and climate-smart technologies can help communities in tropical humid climates adapt to changing climate conditions. This includes measures such as improved water management, flood prevention, and disaster preparedness.

These measures are important because tropical humid climates are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. They are home to diverse ecosystems and communities that rely on these ecosystems for their livelihoods. By implementing mitigation strategies, we can minimize the loss of biodiversity, protect valuable resources, and ensure the long-term sustainability of these ecosystems.