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Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappan Civiliastion | HPSC Preparation: All subjects - HPSC (Haryana) PDF Download

Introduction

  • The Indus Valley Civilisation is classified within the proto-historic era due to the undeciphered nature of its pictographic script.
  • Presently located in the Hisar district of Haryana, this 5000-year-old civilisation is dated from 2400 to 1700 BC.

Phases of Indus Valley Civilisation in Haryana

  • Divided into three phases: early, mature, and late.
  • Haryana exhibits 241 settlements from the initial phase, 145 from the second, and 842 from the third.
  • Initial findings in Haryana from the Saraswati and Drishadvati river valleys.

Important Centres of Indus Valley Civilisation

(a) Banawali

  • Located in the Saraswati river valley in Fatehabad district, Haryana.
  • Discovered by RS Bisht in 1973-74, planned in a chessboard pattern.
  • The Western part was crucial with higher-status inhabitants.
  • Stamps with animal depictions found; absence of drainage system.

(b) Rakhigarhi

  • Positioned on the right bank of the Rigvedic Drishadvati river in Narnaund Block, Hisar district.
  • The largest Indus Valley site in Haryana, covering 350 hectares.
  • Divided into two parts with signs of a protective Parkota.

(c) Mitathal

  • Located in Bhiwani district, excavated by Kurukshetra University under Dr Surajbhan.
  • Significant for Early, Mature, and Late Harappan Culture sources.

(d) Madina

  • In the Central Block of Rohtak district, excavated in 2007-08 under Dr Manmohan Kumar.
  • Residences from late Harappan and Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Culture discovered.

(e) Bhagwanpura

  • In Kurukshetra district, excavated by archaeologist GP Joshi.
  • Main relics: glass and copper bangles in white, black, and blue.

(f) Farmana Khas (Daksha-Khera)

  • In Rohtak district, the second-largest Harappan site in Haryana.
  • Excavations revealed Harappan seals, cemetery remains, and cotton/woollen clothes.

(g) Giravad

  • In Maham tehsil, Rohtak district, discovered in 2006.
  • Excavated in 2007, revealing remnants of Hakra culture, 13 trough residences, and pottery cooking kilns.

(h) Balu

  • In Kaithal district, discovered in 1977 by Dr. Surajbhan and Dr. Jim J Shaffer.
  • Remnants from Early, Mature, and Late Harappan Cultures were obtained.

(i) Siswal

  • A village 26 km West of Hisar, covered under Adampur tehsil.
  • Signs of a more ancient culture discovered, with abundant handmade earthen utensils.

Important Features of Indus Valley Civilisation

  • The first urban civilisation with a mix of merchant and peasant groups.
  • Barley was the main crop, along with cultivation of wheat, rice, etc.
  • The script remains undeciphered and is pictographic.
  • Various religious beliefs emerged, including worship of peepal trees and animals.
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FAQs on Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappan Civiliastion - HPSC Preparation: All subjects - HPSC (Haryana)

1. What is the Indus Valley Civilisation?
Ans. The Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was one of the world's oldest urban societies that flourished around 2500 BCE in the region of the Indian subcontinent. It was known for its advanced urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, and well-structured cities.
2. What are the major archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation?
Ans. The major archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, Dholavira, and Kalibangan. These sites have provided valuable insights into the lifestyle, economy, and cultural practices of the Harappan people.
3. How did the Indus Valley Civilisation decline?
Ans. The exact reasons for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation are still debated among historians and archaeologists. However, some theories suggest that ecological changes, such as the drying up of the Saraswati River, could have played a role. Other factors like invasions, economic instability, and social changes might have also contributed to its decline.
4. What were the major achievements of the Harappan people?
Ans. The Harappan people made significant achievements in various fields. They developed a writing system called the Indus script, which is yet to be fully deciphered. Their urban planning and sanitation systems were advanced for their time. They also had a thriving trade network, as evidenced by the discovery of seals, pottery, and other artifacts from distant regions.
5. What is the significance of the Indus Valley Civilisation?
Ans. The Indus Valley Civilisation holds great significance as it provides valuable insights into the ancient history and cultural achievements of the Indian subcontinent. It represents one of the earliest examples of urban planning and sophisticated civilizations. The Indus Valley Civilisation also showcases the cultural diversity and economic prosperity that existed in ancient times.
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