Important Questions & Answer: Self and Personality - 2 | Psychology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Very Short Answer Questions

Q1: List the characteristics of an extrovert.
Ans: Extrovert is outgoing, active, impulsive, adventurous, assertive, talkative, fun-loving, direct with people They are attracted to occupations that involve contact and respond to stress by immersing themselves in people and social activities.

Q2: _________ refers to the qualities o f a person that distinguish him or her from others.
Ans: Personal identity refers to the qualities of a person that distinguish that person from others.

Q3: How can parents contribute to their child's self-esteem development?
Ans: Warm and positive parenting helps build a child's self-esteem by letting them know they are accepted as capable and worthy. Children who help their parents or make decisions even when they don't need help often suffer from low self-esteem.

Q4: Why did the American Revolutionary War increase France's debt even more?
Ans: French forces supported 13 American colonies in their war of independence against Great Britain. 1 billion livres (French unit of currency) was added, and when interest is included he increased to more than 2 billion livres.

Q5: How does culture affect me?
Ans: Western cultures are characterized as individualism, where members of a group maintain their individuality, whereas Asian cultures are characterized as collectivism, where the self is not separated from the group.

Q6: What is a structured personality test?
Ans: Structured personality tests require subjects to provide responses using some sort of rating scale. Subjects objectively state their feelings about various items. For example, self-disclosure measures.

Q7: _____ refers to the aspect of a person that connects him/her to a social or cultural group.
Ans: Social identity refers to those aspects of an individual that relate to or derive from a social or cultural group. Self refers to the totality of an individual's conscious experiences, thoughts, thoughts, and feelings about himself.

Q8: Self-Esteem Definition.
Ans: To improve your self-esteem, you need to identify and challenge the negative beliefs you hold about yourself. For example, you might tell yourself that you are too stupid to apply for a new job or that no one cares about you. Write down these negative thoughts and write them down on paper or in your journal.

Q9: Solve the existentialism of personality.
Ans: The existential approach sees human nature as open-ended, flexible, and capable of amassing vast amounts of experience. A person is always in the process of becoming. I create myself as I exist. There is no intrinsic, fixed self, no pre-determined definition of one's personality or abilities.

Q10: What is an assessment?
Ans: Evaluation can be performed on a single solution or used to compare multiple proposed solutions and recommend the best course of action for further action. The result of this task is an evaluation of the proposed solutions, the purpose of which is to assess the value provided by each proposed solution.

Q11: ________ refers to our characteristic way of reacting to people and situations.
Ans: In psychological terms, personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to people and situations. Personality can also be defined as distinctive and relatively stable traits that characterize a person's behavior in different situations over a period of time.

Short Answer Questions

Q12: Describe your personality traits.
Ans: Personality traits are: 

• have both physical and psychological components; 
• its behavioral expression is highly specific to a particular individual; 
• its main characteristic is that it is resistant to aging; 
• dynamic in the sense that some of its characteristics may change with the demands of internal or external circumstances.

Q13: What is self-efficacy?
Ans: A person who believes he or she possesses her skills or behaviors that are required in a particular situation indicates high self-efficacy. A strong sense of self-efficacy allows us to choose, influence, and shape the circumstances of our lives. People with high self-efficacy have less anxiety. Self-efficacy can be developed with the help of positive experiences in society, parents, and ourselves. The concept of self-efficacy is based on Bandura's theory of social learning. His early research showed that children and adults learn behavior by observing and imitating others. People's expectations of mastery and achievement, as well as their belief in their own effectiveness, determine the types of behaviors they perform. The level of risk they should take also determines this. For example, people with high self- efficacy quit the moment they decided to quit.

Q14: What is Self?
Ans: Self refers to the totality of an individual's conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts, and feelings about himself. As they grow, the concept of self emerges and its formation begins. Parents, friends, teachers, etc. can help you with this. Our interactions with other people, our experiences, and the meaning we give them, are the foundation of who we are.

Q15: Are Personalities Dynamic Organizations? Describe.
Ans: Dynamic means change due to internal or external requirements. Allport proposed that individuals possess an intrinsically dynamic set of characteristics. They determine behavior in such a way that individuals approach different situations with similar plans. We acknowledged that differences in characteristics provoke different reactions.

Q16: Describe Eysenck’s Theory of Personality
Ans: H.J. Eysenck proposed that personality could be reduced into three dimensions: 

• Neuroticism vs Emotional Stability: At one end of the dimension there are people who are neurotic who are anxious, moody, touchy, restless, and quickly lose control. At the other extreme lie people who are calm, even- tempered, reliable and remain under control. 
• Extraversion vs Introversion: At one extreme are people who are outgoing, active, gregarious, impulsive and thrill-seeking while at the other end are people who are withdrawn, passive, quiet, cautious and reserved. 
• Psychoticism vs Sociability: A psychotic person is hostile, egocentric and anti-social. At the other end of the dimension are people who are socially adjusted.

Q17: Discuss main propositions of behavioral approach to the study of personality.
Ans: Behaviorists do not believe personality characteristics are based on genetics or inborn predispositions. Instead, they view personality as shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. In other words, people behave in a consistent manner based on prior learning.

Q18: Describe the theory of Jung.
Ans: Jung developed analytical theory of personality in which he claimed that there was a collective unconscious consisting of archetypes or primordial images. These are found in myths, dreams and arts of all mankind. A person must become aware of the wisdom available in one’s collective unconscious and must learn to live in harmony with it.

Q19: List the features that characterize personality.
Ans: Personality is characterised by the following features: 

• It has both physical and psychological components.
• Its expression in terms of behaviour is fairly unique in a given individual. 
• Its main features do not easily change with time.
• It is dynamic in the sense that some of its features may change due to internal or external situational demands. Thus, personality is adaptive to situations.

Q20: Give two limitations of behavioral ratings.
Ans: Behavioral rating suffers from the following major limitations: 

• Raters often display certain biases that color their judgments of different traits. For example, most of us are greatly influenced by a single favorable or unfavourable trait. This often forms the basis of a rater’s overall judgment of a person. This tendency is known as the halo effect. 
• Raters have a tendency to place individuals either in the middle of the scale (called middle category bias) by avoiding extreme positions, or in the extreme positions (called extreme response bias) by avoiding middle categories on the scale box. 5 Explain Eisenck's Personality Theory:

Q21: Discuss main propositions of behavioral approach to the study of personality.
Ans: Behaviorists do not believe personality characteristics are based on genetics or inborn predispositions. Instead, they view personality as shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. In other words, people act consistently based on previous learning.

Q22: Explain Jung's Theory?
Ans: Jung developed an analytic theory of personality and claimed that there is a collective unconscious composed of archetypes or archetypes. They can be found in the myths, dreams and art of all mankind. Humans need to learn to recognize and live in harmony with the wisdom that resides within the collective unconscious.

Q23: Name the characteristics that characterize your personality.
Ans: Personality is characterized by the following traits: 

• have both physical and psychological components; 
• its behavioral expression is highly specific to a particular individual; 
• its main characteristic is that it is resistant to aging; 
• dynamic in the sense that some of its characteristics may change with the demands of internal or external circumstances; So personality adapts to the situation.

Q24: We give two limitations of the behavioral assessment.
Ans: Behavioral assessment has the following major limitations: 

• Raters often exhibit certain biases that influence their evaluation of various characteristics. For example, most of us are strongly influenced by one favorable or unfavorable trait. This is often the basis for an individual's overall assessment by raters. This tendency is known as the halo effect. 
• Raters place people in the middle of the scale by avoiding extreme positions (termed middle category bias) or in the extremes by avoiding middle categories of the scale (extreme response bias).

Q25: Describe the Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Inventory (MMPI) as a self-report measure. 
Ans: Minnesota Multifaceted Personality Inventory (MMPI) 

• Hathaway and McKinley developed this test as a psychiatric diagnostic tool, but it also helped identify variants in psychopathology.
• A revised version of it is available as his MM PI-2. Consists of 567 statements. 
• The tester must rate each statement as "correct" or "wrong." 
• The test consisted of 10 diagnostics aimed at hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychotic deviance, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychoasthenia, schizophrenia, mania, and social introversion. Divided into subscales. 
• In India, Mallickand Joshi developed the Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory (JMPI) modeled after his MMPI.

Long Answer Questions

Q26: Describe the theory of Karen Horney.
Ans: Karen Horney criticised Freud’s theory in his treatment of women as inferior. She claimed that women are more likely to be affected by social and cultural factors than by biological factors. She argued that psychological disorders were caused by disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood, indifferent, discouraging and erratic behaviour of parents makes the child feel insecure and basic anxiety results. If parents are indifferent or dominant or show too much or too little approval, children feel isolated and helpless which interferes with their healthy development.

Q27: Discuss the main propositions of the humanistic approach to personality.
Ans: Humanistic theories emphasise personal responsibility and innovate tendencies toward personal growth. They focus on the importance of people's subjective attitudes, feelings and beliefs especially with regard to the self. 

• According to humanistic approach, we human beings are most creative, growing, fully functioning and self-actualizing people. 
• Fully functioning persons, according to Rogers theory, psychologically healthy persons who live life to the fullest. 
• They live in the here and now and trust their own feelings. They are sensitive to the needs of others but they do not allow society’s standards to shape their feelings or actions to an excessive degree. Rogers suggests that each individual has a concept of ideal self. If there is discrepancy between real self and ideal self, then individual develops mal adjustment. 
• Rogers proposed two basic assumptions:
  (a) Human behaviour is goal-directed and worthwhile.
  (b) People always choose adaptive and self-actualizing behaviour. 
• Rogers believed that many individuals fail to become fully functioning persons because they grow up in an atmosphere of conditional positive regard and develop distorted self-concept which interferes with personal growth. Such people fail to self-actualise. 
• All human beings desire unconditional positive regard, freedom of choice and feeling of fulfilment for attainment of self-actualization.
• Humanistic theories don't deny the importance of past experience but they generally focus on the present. Maslow's Contribution to Humanistic Approach Maslow’s Self-Actualization It is a state which people have reached their own fullest potential.
• He had an optimistic view of man who has potentialities for love, joy and creative work. 
• According to him, human beings are free to shape their lives and to self-actualise.

Q28: Describe the key features of self- report measures used in personality assessment.
Ans: The main features of self-disclosure measures are: 

• In psychology, self-report is a test, measurement, or survey based on a person's description of symptoms, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes. Self-reported data are collected in paper-and-pencil or electronic format. It may also be collected through interviews.
• Self-report is widely used in psychological research. This is primarily because a great deal of valuable diagnostic information about an individual is revealed to researchers or clinicians based on their description. One of his most widely used self-assessment tools is his Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for Personality Her Test. 
• One of the main advantages of self-certification data is its ease of retrieval. This is one of the tools clinicians use to diagnose patients by asking questions. Self-evaluators are usually familiar with filling out questionnaires. For research, it is an inexpensive tool that can reach a larger number of subjects that can be observed or otherwise analyzed. can be performed relatively quickly, allowing researchers to obtain results in days or weeks rather than observing the population over an extended period of time.
• Self-disclosures may be confidential and anonymized to protect confidential information and encourage honest responses. 
• Self-reported information collection has limitations. Because people are often biased when reporting their experiences. This means, for example, that they are more likely to report on experiences that they consider socially acceptable or well-liked. 
• This 'multimodal' or 'multimethod' assessment provides a more comprehensive and therefore possibly more accurate picture of the problem.

Q29: Describe behavioral approaches to study personality.
Ans: Behaviorists believe in definable, observable, and measurable data. They focus on learning the stimulus-response connection and its reinforcement. Principles of classical conditioning (Pavlov), instrumental conditioning (Skinner), and observational learning (Bandura) theories have been widely used in the development of personality theory. A response is the structural unit of action. When a particular response is positively reinforced, it becomes repetitive and habitual. Personality is basically a collection of habits. For example, children initially eat vegetables such as spinach, pumpkin, and gourd for their parents' appreciation and approval, but later develop a taste for these vegetables.

Q30: What is the definition of personality? What are the main approaches in personality research?
Ans: Personal refers to our characteristic way of responding to people and situations. For example, if you are socially active, assertive, talkative, and fun-loving, you are an extrovert. Personality refers to the distinctive and relatively stable traits that characterize a person's behavior in different situations over a period of time. The consistency of an individual's actions, thoughts, and feelings across situations and periods of time characterizes their character. For example, honest people are more likely to remain honest regardless of time or circumstances.
The main approaches to the study of personality are: 

• Type Approaches 
• Trait Approaches 
• Interactional Approach 
• Psychodynamic Approach 
• Post- Freudian Approaches 
• Behavioral Approach 
• Cultural Approach 
• Humanistic Approach