Costs & Revenue | Economics for GCSE/IGCSE - Year 11 PDF Download

Different Types of Costs

In the process of preparing goods or services for sale, firms encounter various costs, which can be categorized into different types:

• Fixed costs (FC) remain constant regardless of the level of output. They must be paid irrespective of whether output is zero or at its maximum level. Examples include expenses like building rent, management salaries, insurance premiums, and bank loan repayments.
• Variable costs (VC) fluctuate in direct proportion to changes in output. These costs increase as output increases and decrease as output decreases. Examples encompass expenses such as raw material costs and wages of workers directly engaged in production.
• Total costs (TC) represent the sum of fixed + total variable costs.

Cost Calculations

Cost calculations involve different types of costs such as variable and fixed costs:

Diagrammatic Representation Of Costs

Sketches that illustrate the various costs incurred by a firm.

Different Types of Revenue

• Total revenue represents the overall value of all sales made by a firm.
  
• Average revenue signifies the revenue generated per unit.
  
• An Example Of Revenue Calculations:
  
• Average revenue data is particularly valuable for firms dealing with diverse product lines, like supermarkets, or those offering the same product at various prices, such as rail tickets tailored for different types of commuters, like pensioners.