BPSC (Mains) General Studies Paper - I with Solutions 2022 | BPSC Previous Year Papers - BPSC (Bihar) PDF Download

Q1: Discuss the factors responsible for the formation of the Indian National Congress. What were the British policies towards early nationalists?
Ans:

• The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 due to several factors that had been building in India for many years. One of the key reasons was the increasing involvement of Indians in the British colonial administration. This led to the emergence of a Western-educated middle class in India, which began to demand more political rights and representation. This group became the foundation of the early nationalist movement.
• British policies aimed at modernizing India also contributed to the formation of the Indian National Congress. The British government introduced reforms to modernize India’s economy, infrastructure, and administrative systems. These changes helped improve communication and transportation, which in turn nurtured a growing sense of nationalism. For example, the expansion of railways and the telegraph network allowed nationalist ideas to spread more easily and helped mobilize public opinion.
• Another significant factor in the formation of the Indian National Congress was the influence of the anti-colonial press. Newspapers like The Bengalee and The Indian Advocate played a crucial role in spreading nationalist ideas and organizing public opinion. These newspapers became important platforms for promoting the cause of Indian nationalism.
• The Indian National Congress was founded by a group of moderate nationalists, including Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, and W.C. Bonnerjee. They wanted to channel the growing nationalist sentiment into a peaceful and constitutional movement for political reform. Their aim was to educate the public about the advantages of British rule while encouraging Indians to participate in the economic and administrative modernization brought about by the British government.
• There is a theory suggesting that Hume established the Congress with the idea that it would serve as a ‘safety valve’ to release the increasing discontent among Indians. According to this view, Hume persuaded Lord Dufferin not to block the formation of the Congress. Some extremist leaders, like Lala Lajpat Rai, supported the ‘safety valve’ theory, and even Marxist historians’ ‘conspiracy theory’ can be traced back to this idea.
• The British response to early nationalists was largely one of suppression. The British saw the Indian National Congress as a threat to their authority and used various methods, such as press censorship and imprisonment of nationalist leaders, to control its activities. Moreover, the British were slow to make political concessions to Indian nationalists, and when uprisings occurred, they often used force to quell them.
• As the Indian National Congress grew in popularity, the British attitude became even more hostile. They saw the Congress’s demands for greater political representation as a serious challenge to their rule. To counter this, they passed laws like the Vernacular Press Act (1878) and the Indian Official Secrets Act (1904), which were aimed at restricting the press and curbing nationalist activities. They also employed a divide-and-rule strategy to prevent the rise of a united Indian nationalist movement. By supporting groups like the Muslim League and Indian Princes, who had interests in maintaining British rule, they fostered divisions between Hindus and Muslims, weakening the nationalist movement.
• In conclusion, the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 due to a combination of factors, including the rising demand for political rights by Indians involved in the colonial administration, British modernization policies, and the influence of the nationalist press. The Congress was founded by moderate nationalists who sought political reform through peaceful means. However, the British responded with repression, seeing the Congress as a threat to their control. They were slow to grant political concessions and used divide-and-rule tactics to prevent a united nationalist movement from emerging.

Q2: Trace the course of expansion of Western and technical education in Bihar between 1857-1947.
Ans:

• The expansion of Western and technical education in Bihar between 1857 and 1947 was a slow and steady process influenced by a variety of factors.
• After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British government took charge of India’s education system and introduced policies aimed at modernizing and westernizing it. They set up a network of schools and colleges across the country, with a strong focus on English-language education.
• In Bihar, the first significant step towards expanding Western education came with the establishment of Patna College in 1839. Initially created to educate the children of European and Anglo-Indian officials, the college later began admitting Indian students as well. This was followed by the founding of other institutions like Bihar College of Engineering (1885), Prince of Wales Medical College (1925), and University College of Science (1917) in Patna.
• The higher education system in Bihar was greatly influenced by the Saddler Education Commission (1917-1919), which was set up to recommend improvements for higher education. In addition to Patna University, over 30 universities, deemed universities, and other institutions were established in Bihar, many of which have affiliated and constituent colleges.
• The push for scientific and technical education in Bihar began with the establishment of the Agricultural University at Pusa, which was the first fully functional agricultural university not only in Bihar but also in India. Patna College introduced degree courses in Physics and Chemistry in 1919, and in 1928, Patna Science College was founded to offer exclusive courses in science.
• In 1926, the Indian School of Mines was set up in Dhanbad (now in Jharkhand), providing education in mining technology, which laid the foundation for engineering education in the region. This was followed by the creation of Patna Engineering College. After independence, many more engineering colleges were established, including prestigious institutions like NIT (Patna), IIT (Patna), and numerous other public and private engineering colleges. Patna Medical College, established in 1925, was the first medical college in Bihar and marked the beginning of medical education in the state. Today, Bihar boasts over 15 medical colleges, including two renowned central institutions: AIIMS (Patna) and Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (Patna).
• However, the expansion of Western education in Bihar faced several hurdles, especially in its early stages. A key challenge was the lack of resources, as the British government was not inclined to invest significantly in India’s education system. This led to a shortage of trained teachers and inadequate facilities in schools and colleges.
• Another obstacle was the general disinterest in Western education among the Indian population. Many Indians were unfamiliar with the Western education system and were not convinced of its advantages. The British government's policies of discrimination and exclusion, especially in higher education institutions, further discouraged Indians from pursuing Western education.
• Despite these challenges, Western education began to gain momentum in Bihar in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The British government gradually increased funding for education, and more schools and colleges were opened. Additionally, organizations like the Indian National Congress began to emphasize the importance of Western education as a means of political and economic empowerment.
• Technical education in Bihar also began to expand in the late 19th century. Bihar College of Engineering, established in 1885, initially focused on civil engineering and later expanded into fields like mechanical, electrical, and metallurgical engineering. The college played a crucial role in the development of technical education in Bihar, training many engineers who contributed to the region’s growth.
• In the early 20th century, the British government took steps to promote vocational education in Bihar as well. They set up vocational training centres and workshops to train people in various trades and crafts, addressing the region’s shortage of skilled labour and promoting economic development.
• In conclusion, the expansion of Western and technical education in Bihar between 1857 and 1947 was a gradual process influenced by various factors. British policies of modernization and westernization, the role of nationalist movements in promoting education, and the increasing availability of resources all contributed to the growth of education in the region. However, the process faced significant obstacles, including a lack of resources, discrimination, and the general disinterest in Western education among the Indian population.

Q3: Critically analyze the factors responsible for the emergence of Gandhiji as an eminent nationalist leader.
Ans:

• Mahatma Gandhi was not just a freedom fighter, but also a social and economic revolutionary whose ideas of non-violence and Satyagraha have been widely respected and followed across the globe. Gandhi is more than just a name; he symbolizes the values of struggle, nationalism, and sacrifice. He played a pivotal role in India's fight for independence.
• Gandhi's rise as a prominent nationalist leader can be traced to several factors, including his personal characteristics, the political and social climate of his time, and his distinctive approach to the independence movement.
• One of the key reasons for Gandhi's emergence as a leader was his personal qualities. He was a man of deep spirituality and high moral standards, firmly believing in the power of non-violence and civil disobedience to bring about political change. Gandhi led a simple, ascetic life and was unwavering in his commitment to ahimsa (non-violence) in all aspects of his life. His steadfast belief in non-violence made him a symbol of resistance against British rule, and his message resonated deeply with the Indian masses.
• The political and social context of the time also played a significant role in Gandhi's rise as a leader. The British colonial government in India was repressive, and growing dissatisfaction among the Indian people was palpable. The Indian National Congress, which was the main political body at the time, had struggled to make a meaningful impact against British colonial policies. There was a growing realization that a new kind of leadership was needed—one that could elevate the struggle for independence to new heights. Gandhi's approach, focusing on non-violence and civil disobedience, was seen as a refreshing and effective method to confront British rule and unite the Indian population.
• Gandhi’s distinctive approach to the independence movement was a crucial factor in his rise to leadership. He believed that non-violence and civil disobedience were the most powerful tools to resist British oppression. Through a series of successful campaigns, he exerted immense pressure on the British government. One of his most iconic acts of resistance was the Salt March of 1930, where he led thousands of followers on a journey to the sea to protest the British salt tax. This event became a turning point in the movement and played a key role in rallying the Indian people to the cause.
• Furthermore, Gandhi’s leadership was instrumental in bringing together diverse communities across India. He worked to uplift marginalized groups, particularly the untouchables, by giving them a sense of dignity and empowerment. Gandhi also made efforts to build bridges between Hindus and Muslims, striving to create a united front against British rule.
• In conclusion, Gandhi’s emergence as a national leader can be attributed to a combination of personal traits, the political and social climate of his time, and his unique approach to the independence movement. His unwavering commitment to non-violence, his ability to mobilize people, and his outreach to marginalized communities made him one of the most influential leaders in Indian history, as well as a global symbol of peaceful resistance and social change.

Q4: Write an essay on the Quit India Movement of 1942. Was it a spontaneous movement?
Ans:

• The Quit India Movement of 1942 was a pivotal moment in the Indian struggle for independence and one of the most defining events in the country’s fight against British colonial rule. Launched by Mahatma Gandhi, the movement called for the British to "Quit India" and leave the nation. It led to widespread protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience across the country.
• The Quit India Movement, however, was not a sudden outburst of rebellion; it was the result of careful planning by the Indian National Congress (INC) and other nationalist organizations. The Congress had been pushing for independence from British rule for many years, but their efforts had largely been in vain. The outbreak of World War II in 1939 added complexity to the situation, as Britain, engaged in the war, became less responsive to the demands of the Indian independence movement.
• By 1942, the situation had begun to change. Japan’s invasion of Southeast Asia and the threat of a Japanese attack on India raised alarm in Britain. This situation led to growing frustration among the Indian public. In response, the Indian National Congress, under Gandhi’s leadership, decided it was time for a mass protest to demand immediate independence.
• The movement was officially launched on August 8, 1942, when Gandhi delivered his famous speech in Bombay, calling on the British to leave India and urging the Indian people to engage in a nonviolent struggle for independence. Following the speech, the country witnessed a surge of protests, strikes, boycotts, and the burning of government buildings.
• The British government responded harshly, arresting many of the movement’s leaders, including Gandhi. Despite this, the protests spread rapidly, and the British were forced to deploy large numbers of troops to maintain control. Although the movement was eventually suppressed, it left a lasting impact on the Indian independence movement.
• While the Quit India Movement was a result of a well-thought-out strategy by the Indian National Congress, it also had elements that seemed spontaneous. The failure of the Cripps Mission in 1942, which failed to offer any substantial constitutional solution to India's problems, added to the frustration. Furthermore, the British assumption that India would support the war effort without consulting Indian leaders was not well-received by the INC. These factors, along with the rising militant outbursts across the country, led to the sudden launch of the Quit India Movement. This urgency and lack of preparation contributed to the rapid arrest of major leaders.
• What made the Quit India Movement particularly significant was the high level of popular participation it garnered. People from all walks of life—urban middle-class citizens and rural farmers alike—came together in a united effort for independence. This mass involvement helped foster a sense of national unity and shared purpose. It also marked a shift in the nature of the independence struggle, moving from constitutional and legal methods to a more radical and mass-based approach.
• In conclusion, the Quit India Movement of 1942 was a major turning point in the Indian fight for independence. It was not simply a spontaneous protest, but rather a result of long-standing frustration, strategic planning by the INC, and the deteriorating political situation. Though it was met with a strong crackdown by the British, the movement had a profound impact, helping to build momentum for India’s eventual independence in 1947. The Quit India Movement is also significant for the new level of mass participation it inspired, the national unity it fostered, and the shift towards a more militant approach to the struggle for freedom.

Q5: Describe the chief characteristics of Mauryan art.

Ans:

• The Mauryan period, which spanned from 321 to 185 BCE, was a crucial era in Indian history, marked by the rise of a powerful empire that controlled much of the Indian subcontinent. The art of this period is distinguished by several features that reflect the political, social, and religious landscape of the time.
• One of the defining characteristics of Mauryan art is its realism. Mauryan artists were exceptionally skilled at creating lifelike representations of humans and animals. This realism is evident in the sculptures and reliefs found at important Mauryan sites, such as the famous Ashoka pillars and the rock-cut architectural monuments of the Barabar caves. Many of these sculptures feature detailed depictions of kings, queens, soldiers, and other figures, capturing the subtleties of their facial expressions and body language.
• Another notable aspect of Mauryan art is its use of symbolism and iconography. Artists employed various symbols to communicate religious, political, and social messages. For instance, the Ashoka pillars, erected across the empire, were adorned with intricate carvings of lions, elephants, and other animals, which symbolized strength and power. These pillars also featured inscriptions in the Brahmi script, used to convey important messages to the people.
• Mauryan art is also recognized for its use of geometric and floral patterns. These patterns were commonly applied to decorate architectural elements like friezes, cornices, and column bases. Often, these patterns were combined with representations of animals, gods, and other figures, creating a sense of balance and harmony in the design. The stylized nature of these patterns reflected the sophistication of the Mauryan artistic tradition.
• The use of stone as the primary medium is another hallmark of Mauryan art. Mauryan artists were adept at working with different types of stone, such as sandstone, granite, and schist, to create sculptures, reliefs, and architectural features. The Ashoka pillars, for example, were made from polished sandstone, giving them a smooth and glossy appearance.
• The art of this period also mirrors the religious and spiritual beliefs of the time, particularly the rise of Buddhism. Buddhist art and architecture flourished during the Mauryan era, and many of the rock-cut monuments at Barabar caves were designed as retreats for ascetics. These sites were decorated with detailed carvings depicting the life of the Buddha and other Buddhist themes.
• Pottery also played an important role in the material culture of the Mauryan period. Pottery was made for both daily use and decorative purposes. One of the most distinctive forms of pottery from this period is the Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), known for its shiny black polished surface. This style of pottery was found in various parts of India, including Kosambi and Patliputra, which were key centers of NBPW production.
• In addition to the animal sculptures seen on Mauryan pillars, there were several other significant sculptures crafted during this period. These sculptures, made of stone, were polished to enhance their beauty and create a more lifelike effect. A notable example of independent Mauryan sculpture is the Yakshini statue from Didarganj, Patna. Other important sculptures have been found across different regions of India, especially in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• Some of the well-known sculptures from the Mauryan period include:
  Yakshini Statue – Didarganj, Patna, Bihar
  Woman and Child Statue – Bulandibag, Patna, Bihar
  Jain Tirthankar’s Statue –Lohanipur, Patna, Bihar
  Yaksha Statue – Parkhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh
  Elephant Statue – Dhauli, Odisha
• In conclusion, the art of the Mauryan period is characterized by its realism, the use of symbolism and iconography, the application of geometric and floral patterns, the preference for stone as a medium, and its deep connection to the religious and spiritual values of the time. Mauryan artists were skilled in creating detailed and lifelike representations of humans and animals, using art to convey messages about religion, politics, and society. The period’s art reflects the empire’s grandeur, as well as its cultural and spiritual richness.

Q6: Write short notes on any two of the following :
(a) Santhal Uprising
Ans:

• The Santhal Uprising of 1855-56 was a significant rebellion against British colonial rule that took place in what are now the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. Led by the Santhal people, an indigenous group with a long history of resisting British attempts to control their land and resources, the uprising was triggered by a number of grievances. These included the British government's efforts to impose taxes on the Santhal community and their attempts to seize control of the Santhal lands.
• The rebellion was spearheaded by three brothers—Sido, Kanhu, and Chand—who became the prominent leaders of the movement. They united various Santhal villages into a confederacy and began organizing resistance against British rule. The uprising began in the summer of 1855 and quickly spread across the region, with the Santhal people attacking British officials, police stations, and other symbols of British authority.
• In response, the British government launched a brutal counter-offensive, deploying a large number of troops to the area to suppress the rebellion. They employed scorched earth tactics, destroying villages and crops, and captured and executed many of the rebellion's leaders. Despite these severe measures, the rebellion persisted for several months, and it was only in early 1856 that the British were able to regain control of the region.
• The Santhal Uprising was important for several reasons. It was one of the earliest and most significant uprisings against British rule in India, marking a new phase in the country's struggle for independence. Additionally, it was led by the Santhal people, an indigenous ethnic group that had long faced exploitation and oppression under British rule. The uprising highlighted the suffering of the Santhal and other Indigenous communities, raising awareness of their plight and contributing to the broader movement for Indigenous rights in India.
• Another notable aspect of the Santhal Uprising was the tactics employed by the rebels. The Santhal fighters used guerrilla warfare, utilizing their knowledge of the local terrain to outmaneuver British troops. They also had a strong sense of community and unity, which allowed them to continue their resistance for months despite the harsh British retaliation.
• In conclusion, the Santhal Uprising of 1855-56 was a significant revolt against British colonial rule in the areas that are now Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. Led by the Santhal people, the rebellion was sparked by the British government's oppressive policies, including tax impositions and land seizures. The uprising was crucial for several reasons: it was one of the first major challenges to British colonial rule in India, it was led by a marginalized indigenous group, and it was marked by the use of guerrilla tactics and strong community solidarity.

(b) Champaran Satyagraha
Ans:

• The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was a landmark non-violent resistance movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in the Champaran district, now part of Bihar. The movement was triggered by the suffering of indigo farmers in the region, who were being coerced by the British to grow indigo on their land instead of food crops. In addition to this, the farmers were forced to sell their indigo at extremely low prices to the British. This was Gandhi’s first major campaign in India after his return from South Africa, and it played a pivotal role in establishing him as a key figure in the Indian independence struggle.
• The movement began in April 1917 when Gandhi visited Champaran to investigate the farmers' grievances. Upon discovering the harsh conditions under which the farmers were working, including the forced cultivation of indigo and the low prices they were paid, he decided to lead a campaign of non-violent resistance. Gandhi mobilized the farmers and gained widespread public support for their cause. He introduced the principles of non-violence and civil disobedience, which had been successful in his earlier campaigns in South Africa.
• Initially, the British government tried to dismiss the movement, but as it gained momentum, they had no choice but to respond. Gandhi and other leaders of the movement were arrested, which only strengthened the resolve of the farmers and attracted more public sympathy for their struggle. The British were eventually forced to release Gandhi and agree to a compromise, setting up an inquiry into the farmers’ situation.
• The Champaran Satyagraha was significant for several reasons. It was Gandhi's first major campaign in India and marked the beginning of his leadership in the Indian independence movement. It was also a victory for the indigo farmers, who had long been exploited and oppressed by the British. The movement raised awareness about the farmers’ plight and helped spark future movements focused on land rights and fair treatment for farmers.
• The Champaran Satyagraha was also notable for being the first successful use of non-violent resistance in India. Gandhi’s message of non-violence resonated deeply with the Indian people, helping to unite them in support of the cause. It marked a shift in the Indian independence movement, moving away from constitutional methods of protest to a more mass-based, militant approach.
• In conclusion, the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was a key moment in India’s struggle for independence. Sparked by the exploitation of indigo farmers, it was Gandhi's first major campaign in India and proved to be a significant victory for the farmers. The movement also marked the first successful use of non-violence in India’s fight for freedom and helped cement Gandhi’s role as a leader in the independence movement.

(c) Rabindranath Tagore’s Contribution to the Freedom Movement
Ans:

• Rabindranath Tagore was a distinguished poet, philosopher, and polymath, whose contributions to the Indian freedom movement were as significant as his literary achievements. While he is primarily celebrated for his literary works, Tagore also played an influential role in shaping the ideas surrounding freedom, nationalism, and independence in India.
• One of Tagore’s key contributions was his critique of the narrow, exclusionary forms of nationalism that were gaining traction during his time. He believed that nationalism should be built on the ideals of justice, equality, and inclusivity, rather than on religious or ethnic divisions. For Tagore, true nationalism was about uniting people based on shared values and collective aspirations, not on identity markers that separated them.
• This inclusive vision of nationalism found expression in many of his works, notably in his famous poem “Where the Mind is Without Fear,” which envisions a country where individuals can think freely and live with dignity. Through this poem, and his wider body of work, Tagore helped promote a more inclusive and democratic understanding of nationalism, which became an important part of the broader discourse on freedom in India.
• Apart from his literary influence, Tagore actively participated in India’s struggle for independence. A member of the Indian National Congress, he supported the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) and used his fame as a renowned writer to bring attention to India’s plight. His support for Indian independence extended to his advocacy for constitutional reforms, and he played a crucial role in the formation of the Swaraj Party in 1923, which aimed to secure self-government for India within the British Empire.
• Tagore’s contributions to the independence movement were also visible in his work as an educator. His school, Visva-Bharati, became a hub for progressive education, shaping the minds of many leaders who later played key roles in the independence struggle. The institution promoted the values of critical thinking, cultural diversity, and the integration of art and culture into the process of nation-building, all of which were vital for the vision of a free and independent India.
• In conclusion, Rabindranath Tagore was not only a great poet and philosopher, but also a committed participant in India’s freedom movement. He advocated for an inclusive and just form of nationalism, actively supported movements like Non-Cooperation, helped form the Swaraj Party, and contributed to the education of future leaders at Visva-Bharati. Through his intellectual and political engagement, Tagore helped shape a more inclusive and democratic vision of India, one that continues to resonate in the country's history.

Q7: Discuss the origin, membership, development and objectives of ‘QUAD’. What is its significance for India?
Ans:

• The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) is a strategic partnership comprising the United States, Japan, Australia, and India. The concept of QUAD was first proposed in 2007 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as a response to the growing influence of China in the Indo-Pacific region. However, it was formally established in 2017, with the first leaders' meeting taking place that November.
• The roots of QUAD can be traced back to the early 2000s, when there were rising concerns over China’s expanding power and assertiveness in the region. This led to discussions about creating a regional security framework to counterbalance China's growing influence. In 2007, Japan proposed the idea of a "Quadrilateral Security Dialogue" that would include the US, Japan, Australia, and India. Initially, the proposal was met with some skepticism, but as China's regional assertiveness continued, the idea gained traction.
• The four countries that makeup QUAD — the United States, Japan, Australia, and India — share common values, including a commitment to democracy and a rules-based international order. They also have a shared interest in maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific. While the US is the most powerful military and economic force in the group, Japan and Australia are key allies, and India, as the largest democracy in the region, adds significant strategic weight, with its growing economy and military capabilities.
• QUAD's development has been gradual, initially focusing more on dialogue than concrete action. However, by 2017, the group held its first leaders' meeting and has since engaged in regular meetings at various levels, including ministerial and senior officials’ gatherings. In addition to dialogue, QUAD has expanded its focus to include practical cooperation on issues such as maritime security, counterterrorism, and disaster relief.
• The primary goals of QUAD are to promote a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific, enhance cooperation on maritime security, support adherence to international law, aid in disaster relief and humanitarian response, and strengthen economic and developmental cooperation.

Significance for India:
For India, the QUAD offers several strategic benefits:

• Strengthening Strategic Ties:QUAD provides India with an important platform to enhance its security and strategic relations with the United States, Japan, and Australia. As India seeks to counter China’s growing influence, these partnerships become crucial, especially in areas like maritime security, counterterrorism, and disaster management.
• Promoting a Rules-Based Order: India has long advocated for a rules-based international order, and QUAD aligns with this vision. Through QUAD, India can work with like-minded nations to ensure respect for international law and sovereignty, a vital concern given India’s own territorial disputes.
• Economic Cooperation: QUAD opens opportunities for India to deepen its economic ties with its partners. The group’s members are significant trade and economic partners for India, and QUAD facilitates cooperation in areas like investment, infrastructure development, and innovation, supporting India’s growth aspirations.
• Cultural and People-to-People Ties: The Quad also presents an opportunity for India to strengthen its cultural and people-to-people exchanges with the other member countries. With shared histories and values, the QUAD countries can enhance cooperation in education, tourism, and youth exchanges, promoting greater understanding and collaboration.
• In conclusion, QUAD holds considerable strategic value for India. It not only helps strengthen India’s security and diplomatic ties with key regional players but also supports India’s efforts to foster a more inclusive and stable Indo-Pacific. Additionally, it provides India with a platform to advance its economic, cultural, and people-to-people relationships with these nations. However, India must navigate its relations with China carefully and be cautious of any perceptions that QUAD is aimed at countering China, as this could impact India’s bilateral ties with Beijing.

Q8: ‘Agnipath" is a path towards development or destruction? Comment.
Ans:

• The Agnipath scheme has been introduced as a new method for recruiting soldiers across all three branches of the Indian armed forces. Under this initiative, around 45,000 to 50,000 soldiers, called 'Agniveers,' will be recruited every year. However, their tenure in service will be short, lasting only four years, after which most will leave. Out of these recruits, only 25% will be offered permanent positions, serving up to 15 years under a permanent commission.
• The scheme is open to aspirants aged between 17.5 and 21 years, and it applies only to non-officer ranks. Recruitment will be based on an "all India, all class" system, allowing applicants from any caste, region, or religious background to apply. This is a shift from the traditional 'regiment system,' which was based on regional and caste considerations. The training for Agniveers will last for six months, followed by a three-and-a-half-year deployment period. Recruits will start with a salary of ₹30,000, which will rise to ₹40,000 by the end of the four years. Additionally, 30% of their salary will be contributed to the Seva Nidhi program, where the government will match this amount each month, with interest accrued over time. Upon completion of their service, each soldier will receive a lump sum of ₹11.71 lakh, which is tax-free.

The Agnipath scheme is seen as a path toward transforming the armed forces in several ways:

• A Leaner and Younger Army: India’s armed forces, which currently have an average age of 32, will become younger by about 4-5 years through the implementation of this scheme.
• Reducing the Defence Pension Bill: The government has already allocated over ₹3.3 lakh crore for defence pensions since 2020. The scheme’s "Tour of Duty" model is expected to save substantial amounts. For example, the army estimates that just one sepoy under this scheme will save approximately ₹11.5 crore.
• Creating Future-Ready Soldiers:A younger workforce will be more adaptable and capable of being trained in new technologies.
• Increasing Employment Opportunities and Skills: While the scheme will provide job opportunities in the armed forces, it will also equip recruits with valuable skills and experience that can help them transition into various civilian industries after their service.

Many other countries have similar schemes, such as the United States, where soldiers may serve in short deployments ranging from 6 to 12 months. Countries with conscription policies, like Israel, Norway, North Korea, and Sweden, also follow similar models.

However, there are concerns that the Agnipath scheme could have negative consequences in the long run:

• Loss of Job Security and Benefits: Soldiers under this scheme will not have permanent jobs or the promised pensions and health benefits after retirement, which are traditionally offered to those in regular service.
• Insufficient Training: The six-month training period may not be enough for recruits to acquire the necessary skills and experience to handle the same tasks as their more seasoned counterparts.
• Loss of Expertise: As Agniveers leave after just four years, the forces will lose experienced soldiers, potentially creating a gap in expertise, especially in technical roles.
• Erosion of Loyalty: The "all India, all class" recruitment approach may weaken the strong bonds and loyalty soldiers typically have for their regiments.

To conclude, while the Agnipath scheme offers a new approach to recruitment and aims to modernize the armed forces, it must be paired with broader reforms related to manpower optimization and restructuring. The educational qualification should be raised to at least 10+2, and a more rigorous, merit-based all-India entrance exam, along with psychological testing, should be introduced to create a more tech-savvy and capable armed force. Careful attention must also be given to ensure the scheme does not disrupt the regimental traditions that are an integral part of the Indian military ethos.

Q9: Discuss the concept of ‘One Nation One Election’ in Indian context and give your arguments for and against it.
An: The idea of ‘One Nation, One Election’ in India refers to the proposal of holding simultaneous elections for both the national parliament (Lok Sabha) and the state legislative assemblies, instead of having separate elections for each. This concept aims to reduce the frequency of elections in the country, along with the time and resources spent on organizing them. The idea has been a topic of debate for some time, receiving both support and opposition.

Arguments in favour of One Nation, One Election include:

• Increased Efficiency: Holding elections together would save valuable time and resources, as voters would only need to go to the polls once instead of multiple times. It would also reduce the strain on security forces, who would have to be deployed for a shorter period.
• Reduced Campaign Costs: Conducting simultaneous elections would lower the overall costs of campaigning. Political parties and candidates would only need to campaign once, instead of organizing separate campaigns for both national and state elections. This would help optimize resources and minimize election expenditure.
• Improved Governance: With fewer elections to focus on, the government would have more time to concentrate on governance and development. This would lead to more efficient use of public resources and better overall governance.

Arguments against One Nation, One Election include:

• Constitutional Challenges: Some critics argue that holding simultaneous elections would require significant amendments to the Indian Constitution, a process that could be complex and difficult to execute.
• Lack of Flexibility: The proposal would remove the flexibility of having separate election schedules. If a state government were to collapse or an early election was needed, simultaneous elections would limit the ability to hold elections in response to such political events.
• The disadvantage to Smaller Parties:S Smaller political parties may struggle to compete in both national and state elections simultaneously. They often lack the resources or widespread support needed to contest elections on multiple fronts, potentially putting them at a disadvantage.
• Reduced State Autonomy: The ‘One Nation, One Election’ concept would mean that the election schedule for states would be set by the central government. This could undermine the autonomy of state governments, as they would have less control over when elections take place in their respective states.

In conclusion, while the idea of One Nation, One Election has potential benefits, such as cost savings and better governance, it also faces challenges, including constitutional hurdles, the lack of flexibility, disadvantages for smaller parties, and concerns over state autonomy.

Q10: What is the root cause of the war between Russia and Ukraine? Discuss its impact upon the nations of the world with special reference to India.
Ans:

• The war between Russia and Ukraine is a complex conflict with deep historical, political, and economic causes. The origins of the war lie in several intertwined factors, such as longstanding tensions between the two countries, political and economic rivalries, and disputes over territory and national identity.
• A key factor fueling the conflict is the historical tension between Russia and Ukraine. The two nations have a long history of conflict, stretching back to the Russian Empire and Soviet Union era. When the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, Ukraine declared its independence, but Russia has never fully accepted this. Russia continues to view Ukraine as part of its sphere of influence, and this has led to ongoing disputes over national identity, language, and culture, which remain central to the conflict.
• Another significant cause of the war is the political and economic interests of both countries. Russia and Ukraine have competing goals, particularly concerning energy resources, trade, and political alliances. Ukraine serves as a major transit route for Russian natural gas to Europe, and Russia has used its control over gas supplies as a form of political leverage. Russia also seeks to maintain its influence over Ukraine, while Ukraine aims to strengthen its ties with the European Union and Western powers.
• Territorial disputes are also a critical factor in the war. The Crimean Peninsula, which was part of Russia until 1954, was transferred to Ukraine that year. In 2014, Russia annexed Crimea, claiming that the majority of its population was Russian-speaking and that the annexation was necessary to protect their rights. This act of annexation has intensified the territorial dispute and is one of the main factors driving the ongoing conflict.
• In summary, the Russia-Ukraine war is driven by historical tensions, political and economic competition, and territorial disputes. Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the broader historical and political issues between the two nations have been key factors in the escalation of the conflict. These issues, including disputes over identity, language, and culture, continue to fuel the war.

Impact on India:

• The Russia-Ukraine war has had several significant impacts on India, especially in terms of foreign policy and economic relations.
• One major impact has been on India’s relationship with both Russia and Ukraine. India has traditionally maintained strong ties with Russia, a key strategic partner in the region. However, India has also sought to expand its relations with Ukraine, particularly in trade and investment. The war has put India in a difficult position, as it must balance its ties with both countries while avoiding taking sides in the conflict.
• Energy security is another area affected by the war. India heavily depends on energy imports, and Russia has been a major supplier of oil and natural gas. The war has disrupted energy supplies and raised concerns about the stability and reliability of energy imports from the region.
• The war has also affected India’s trade and investment with both Russia and Ukraine. The sanctions and counter-sanctions imposed by the EU, the US, and Russia have led to a decline in trade between India and the region. This has impacted Indian businesses that operate in or trade with these countries.

India’s Diplomatic Dilemma:

• India’s diplomatic response to the Russia-Ukraine conflict has posed challenges. Its statement at the United Nations did not explicitly condemn Russia’s actions, which has led some in the West to view it as condoning Russia’s aggression. This has caused some criticism, as the West often emphasizes "territorial integrity and sovereignty" when dealing with issues like China’s actions in Asia, but appears to apply a different standard in the case of Russia.
• Finally, the war has impacted India’s broader political relations with other countries. India, traditionally following a non-alignment policy, has been forced to navigate the delicate balance of supporting Ukraine while maintaining its longstanding relationship with Russia.
• In conclusion, the Russia-Ukraine war has had wide-ranging effects on India, influencing its foreign policy, energy security, trade relations, and overall political standing. India has had to carefully manage its relationships with both Russia and Ukraine, while also taking into account its global standing and the political pressures from other countries. The conflict has also raised significant challenges for India, particularly in terms of balancing its strategic partnerships and navigating the diplomatic complexities involved.

Q11: It is generally alleged that the ruling party misuses the Constitutional Institutions For its vested interests. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in support of your answer.
Ans:

• The question of whether ruling parties in India misuse constitutional institutions for their own interests has been a subject of ongoing debate. There are valid points made by both supporters and critics of this view.
• On one hand, supporters of the argument that ruling parties misuse constitutional institutions point to several instances where these institutions have been used for political gain. For example, there have been cases where the ruling party has allegedly influenced the judiciary to sway the outcome of legal cases in its favour or used executive powers to manipulate judicial appointments and other key positions. Additionally, there have been claims that the ruling party has leveraged its control over the media to shape public opinion and suppress opposing voices.
• Another argument is that the ruling party has used its influence over the bureaucracy for its own benefit. Examples include awarding government contracts or licenses to its supporters or blocking appointments of officials who may not align with the party's agenda. There have also been concerns about the ruling party’s use of the legislature to pass laws that serve its interests, such as laws that grant immunity from prosecution or make it harder for opposition parties to challenge its policies.
• However, critics of this view argue that these actions are not merely the result of a ruling party's manipulation, but are symptomatic of larger systemic issues within India. These issues, such as the lack of checks and balances, a weak judicial system, and a lack of transparency and accountability, can make it easier for the ruling party to misuse constitutional institutions.
• It can also be argued that India’s political system is inherently competitive, and ruling parties, under constant pressure to maintain power, may be more likely to use all available tools, including constitutional institutions, to secure their position. The use of such institutions for political purposes, however, is not exclusive to India and can be seen in many democracies around the world.
• On the other hand, the Indian Constitution includes several provisions designed to protect the independence of constitutional institutions. For instance, the judiciary has the power of judicial review to examine the constitutionality of laws passed by the legislature and actions taken by the executive. There are also independent bodies like the Election Commission and the Central Vigilance Commission that monitor the functioning of the government and ensure that constitutional institutions are not misused.
• In conclusion, the issue of whether ruling parties in India misuse constitutional institutions is complex, with valid arguments on both sides. While there have been instances where these institutions have been used for political gain, it is also true that the Indian political system is competitive, and misuse of power is not unique to India. Nevertheless, the Indian Constitution includes safeguards to maintain the independence of constitutional institutions and limit government interference.

Q12: Study the following table1 carefully and answer (lie questions given below :
(a) Find the total percentage marks secured by R in all the six subjects together.
(b) Find the difference between the marks obtained by P in the subjects B, I) and E together and the marks obtained by T in the same subjects.
(c) Find the average marks obtained by all the students in the subject B.
(d) Find the average per cent of marks obtained by all the students in the subjects C and D together.
(e) What is the total marks obtained by all the students in subject F?
Ans:  (a) Total marks obtained by R in all six subject = sum of marks obtained in subjects A to F.
Total marks obtained = 49. 5 + 112.50 + 79 + 44 + 108 = 442.5
Total marks of all subjects = 75 + 150 + 100 + 50 + 150 + 75 = 600.

Q13: Study the following pie charts carefully and answer the questions given below:

(a) Assuming that Videocon has maintained its market share at the same level from 2010-2011, what is the total number of toasters sold by Videocon in these four years?
(b) If in 2012-2013 the market share of BPL was 7%, then what is the change in the number of toasters sold by BPL from 2012-2013 to 2013-2014?
(c) If Maharaja is one of the companies included in ‘others’ and its sale constitutes 40% of ‘others’, then how many toasters of Maharaja were sold in 2013-2014?
(d) Assuming that the number of toasters sold increases at the same rate in 2014-2015 as it did from 2012-2013 to 2013-2014, and assuming further that TVS maintains its market share, what will be the number of units sold by TVS in 2014-2015?
(e) If in 2013-2014 IFB sold 7000 more units and affected the market share of other companies, then what would be its market share (in % )?
Ans: (a) For year 2010-11 Toasters sold by Videocon
For year 2011-12,
For year 2012-13.
For year 2013-14
Toasters sold by Videocon = 300000 * Total Toasters sold by Videocon
= 100000 + 125000 + 150000 + 175000 = 550000.
(b) Toasters sold by BPL in year 2012-13
Toasters sold by BPL in years 2013-14 
Change Required = 21000- 17500 = 3500.
(c) In 2013-14, Toasters sold by others 
Total Toasdters sold by Maharaja in the year 2013-14 
(d) No of toasters sold in the years 2012-13 300000
No. of Toasters sold in the year 2013-14 = 350000
As the given questions
No. of Toasters sold in year 2014-15 = 350000 + 350000 = 350000 + 58333.33 - 408333.33
∴ Number of units sold by TVS in 2014-15 = 408333.33 (e) Total Toaster sold by IFB in 2013-14 
According to the question,
IFB sold 7000 more units by 2013-14 
∴ Total toasters sold by IFB in 2013-14
= 35000 + 7000 = 42000
Now, in the year 2013-14
Total toasters sold by all = 350000
Total toasters sold by IFB = 42000
∴ Percentage shares Required =
Q14: Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions given below:
(a) What is the percentage change in the targeted production from 2004-2005 to 2005-2006?
(b) In which period was the percentage of actual production w with respect to target production the highest?
(c) What is the ratio of the number of years in which the actual production was above the average actual production to the number of years in which the actual production was below the average actual production?
(d) Find the ratio of the sum of targeted production for the years 2002-2003, 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 to the sum of the actual production for these years.
(e) Find the difference between targeted production and actual production for the years 2002-2003 and 2005-2006.
Ans: (a) Target Production in 2004-05 = 210000
Target Production in 2005-06 = 255000
(b) Hence, it is clear that in the period 2003-04, the percentage of actual production with respect to target production is the highest (148.8%).
(c) Average actual Production during the given period
= 209 thousand 
From the given graph.
Number of years in which the actual production was above the average actual Production = 2
Number of years in which the actual production was below the average actual production = 4.
(d) From the graph
(e) Target Production in the years 2002-03 & 2005-06 = 227000 + 255000 = 482000
Actual Production in the year 2002-03 & 2005-06
= 163000+ 195000 = 358000 
Differences = 482000-358000 = 124000.

Q15: The Following bar graphs show the Per Capita Income and National Income of a country for the given years. Refer to the bar graphs to answer the questions that follow:

(a) What is the growth percentage in Per Capita Income' from 1951 to 1991?
(b) What is the annual growth rate of ‘Per Capita Income' from 1961 to 1971 (assuming that the growth was uniform throughout)?
(c) Find the country's population during 1981.
(d) What was the growth rate in population during the decade 1981-1991?
(e) By how much per cent the National Income’ grew from 1951 to 1991?
Ans: (a) Per capita income in the year 1951= Rs. 238
Per capita income in the year 1991 = Rs. 4933
(b) From the given graph
Per capita income in the year 1961 = 328
Per capita income in the year 1971= 674
(c) For the year 1981
National Income = 122400 crore
Per capita Income = 1630
(d) From the above question.
Population in the year 1981 = 75.09 crore 

(e) From the given graph
National income in the year 1951= 9000 crore
National income in the year 1991 = 472600 crore