UPSC Daily Current Affairs - 2nd April 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Environment

Why India Must Prioritize Air Quality in Its Development Agenda

Why in the News?

India’s air pollution crisis has escalated beyond seasonal fluctuations into a chronic public health emergency, impacting millions annually. The consequences are severe, leading to increased hospital admissions for respiratory ailments, school closures, and pervasive smog that obscures city skylines. Major metropolitan areas in India consistently rank among the world's most polluted.

• Air pollution is a persistent crisis, not limited to specific seasons.
• Government initiatives are underway, yet they require better coordination for effectiveness.

Additional Details

• National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Initiated in 2019, this program aims to cut PM2.5 and PM10 levels by 20-30% in 132 cities by 2026, using 2017 levels as a baseline.
• Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI): The introduction of stringent vehicular emission norms in 2020 represents a significant step towards reducing pollution.
• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): This initiative encourages the use of LPG in rural households, aiming to decrease reliance on polluting biomass fuels.
• Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India (FAME II): This program supports the growth of the electric vehicle market.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban): Focused on urban waste management, which is a critical factor contributing to air pollution.
• Despite these initiatives, challenges persist due to insufficient coordination among various government bodies and a lack of local governance capabilities.

The fight against air pollution in India requires a nuanced understanding of local conditions and a methodical approach to policy implementation. A phased, data-driven strategy is essential for developing actionable plans that effectively address specific emission sources.

GS2/International Relations

India and Chile Trade Agreement Discussions

Why in News?

India and Chile have recently commenced discussions regarding a comprehensive trade agreement aimed at bolstering economic cooperation between the two nations. This initiative reflects an ongoing effort to enhance bilateral relations and explore new avenues for collaboration.

• Chile is a long, narrow country located in South America.
• The country is bordered by Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
• Chile possesses sovereignty over several Pacific islands, including Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Archipelago.

Additional Details

• Geographical Features: Chile's landscape is characterized by mountainous terrain, primarily dominated by the Andes Mountains, which is the world's longest mountain range.
• The Atacama Desert, located in the north, is known as the driest non-polar desert globally.
• Highest Peak: Ojos del Salado, an active stratovolcano in the Atacama region, stands at 6,893 meters.
• Chile is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, making it prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.
• Economic Significance: Chile is the largest producer of copper in the world, a vital resource for electronics and renewable energy systems.
• It is also part of the "Lithium Triangle," which includes Argentina and Bolivia, crucial for battery production.
• The Loa River, originating from the Andes, is recognized as Chile's longest river.
• Political and Cultural Aspects: Santiago serves as the capital, with Spanish as the official language. The country's government is a unitary presidential republic.
• Chile has a rich cultural heritage influenced by European and Indigenous traditions, along with Spanish colonial impacts.
• It is often referred to as the "Gateway to Antarctica" due to its proximity to the continent.
• India and Chile have signed a Letter of Intent to collaborate on Antarctic exploration and research, aligning with India's polar research ambitions.

This ongoing dialogue signifies a strengthening of ties between India and Chile, paving the way for enhanced cooperation in trade, research, and other strategic areas.

GS2/International Relations

India Finalises Terms for US Trade Deal

Why in News?

A day before the US reciprocal tariffs were set to take effect on April 2, India has agreed to the Terms of Reference (ToR) for a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with the United States. This ToR establishes the framework for negotiations and requires high-level approval. Although discussions were ongoing when US negotiators departed after four days of talks, both countries are now prepared to commence formal negotiations.

• The US has criticized India's trade policies in its 'Foreign Trade Barriers' report.
• Concerns include issues such as internet shutdowns and stringent dairy regulations.
• India's data localization rules and intellectual property (IP) protections have also come under scrutiny.
• Both nations aim to enhance trade through sector-specific negotiations.

Additional Details

• US Criticism:The US Trade Representative (USTR) has raised several concerns regarding India's trade policies, including:
  • Internet Shutdowns: Claims that localized shutdowns disrupt commercial activities.
  • Dairy Feed Regulations: US argues that India's requirement for dairy products to come from animals not fed blood meal or internal organs lacks scientific basis.
  • GM Food Imports: India's certification requirements for GM-free imports are viewed by the US as non-scientific.
• Data Localisation Rules: Since 2018, the Reserve Bank of India has mandated that all electronic payment data related to Indian citizens be stored on local servers. The US contends that this hampers foreign firms' capabilities.
• Intellectual Property Issues:India remains on the 'Priority Watch List' due to inadequate protection of trade secrets and slow patent approval processes, with specific concerns including:
  • Patent Delays: Long waiting periods and excessive reporting requirements.
  • Weak IP Enforcement: Inadequate protection for undisclosed test data and delays in trademark opposition proceedings.
• Medical Price Controls: The US has expressed concerns over India's price caps on medical devices, arguing they deter American manufacturers.

In 2024, total goods trade between the US and India reached an estimated $129.2 billion, with the US exporting $41.8 billion and importing $87.4 billion. The trade deficit was $45.7 billion. Both countries are aiming for a bilateral trade agreement that focuses on increasing market access, reducing barriers, and strengthening supply chains.

India's trade strategy may include lobbying for exemptions from tariffs, expanding the 'Make in India' initiative, strengthening trade ties with other regions, and diversifying its trade relations to mitigate risks associated with US policies. The potential benefits for India include shifts in supply chains and growth in key sectors like electronics and automobiles.

Ultimately, India's response to US tariffs will largely depend on their severity and the potential economic impact. The strategic partnership between India and the US extends beyond trade, necessitating a balanced approach for both nations.

GS2/Polity

The Indian Diaspora and the Case for Dual Citizenship

Why in News?

The migration of people has significantly shaped global history over the last 50 years, with India emerging as a crucial player. Presently, India has the largest diaspora, with over 3.5 crore Indians residing abroad. This migration carries substantial economic, cultural, and political implications for India.

• India has the largest diaspora, representing 4% of the global population.
• The Indian diaspora contributes nearly $130 billion in remittances annually, surpassing foreign investment inflows.
• The Indian government considers the diaspora an asset and integrates it into its foreign policy.
• There is a growing advocacy for dual citizenship following the recommendations of the High-Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora.

Additional Details

• Economic Contributions: The remittances from the Indian diaspora are a vital source of income for India, significantly aiding in covering trade deficits.
• Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI): Introduced in 2005, OCI is not equivalent to dual citizenship and has several limitations, such as no voting rights and restrictions on land purchase.
• Changing Global Attitudes: Many Indians are renouncing their citizenship not by choice but due to increasing restrictions on migration and citizenship policies in developed countries.
• Policy Recommendations: Proposals include allowing dual citizens to retain Indian citizenship without renunciation and extending voting rights.

India's diaspora represents a significant global asset, contributing immensely to the nation's economy and international stature. However, the current OCI framework fails to meet the aspirations of many in the diaspora. Embracing dual citizenship would enhance India's global integration while maintaining strong ties with its diaspora. As India's global presence expands, adopting progressive citizenship policies is essential.

GS1/Geography

Naini Lake

Why in News?

The Naini Lake, a prominent tourist spot in Nainital, has recently been reported to have water levels at 4.7 feet, which is the lowest in five years.

• Naini Lake is a natural freshwater lake of tectonic origin.
• It is situated in the heart of Nainital city, Uttarakhand.
• The lake has a distinct crescent or kidney shape and features a perimeter of 2 miles.
• It is recognized as one of the four major lakes in the Kumaon hills.

Additional Details

• Historical Significance: The lake was discovered by the British in the early 1800s and is mentioned in the Skanda Purana as Tri-Rishi-Sarovar.
• Dimensions: The depth of Naini Lake ranges from 6 meters to 28 meters.
• Main Feeder Stream: Balia Nala is the primary source of water for the lake, supplemented by 26 major drains, including three perennial ones.
• Geographical Features: The north end of the lake is known as Mallital, while the southern end is called Tallital, which features a bridge adorned with a statue of Gandhi and a post office, the world's only post office situated on a lake bridge.

This situation raises concerns regarding water levels and environmental conditions affecting Naini Lake, highlighting the need for sustainable management and conservation efforts.

GS3/Science and Technology

Majorana 1 Chip and the Pursuit of Quantum Computing

Why in News?

In December 2024, Microsoft unveiled its Majorana 1 quantum computing chip, designed to address industrial-scale challenges through the application of quantum computing principles.

• The Majorana 1 chip leverages the unique properties of Majorana particles.
• Majorana particles are notable for being their own anti-particles, differing from most standard particles.
• This chip aims to enhance the stability and reliability of quantum bits (qubits).

Additional Details

• Majorana Particles: These particles can annihilate each other when they meet, releasing energy. This property is distinct from that of electrons, which have separate anti-particles (the positron).
• Utilizing Majorana particles may significantly improve the field of topological quantum computing by making qubits less susceptible to external disturbances.
• Beta Decay:This process occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus releases energy. It involves a neutron transforming into a proton, accompanied by the emission of an anti-neutrino. Beta decay exists in two forms:
  • Beta-minus decay: A neutron converts into a proton, emitting an electron and an anti-neutrino.
  • Beta-plus decay: A proton changes into a neutron, releasing a positron and a neutrino.
• Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (0vββ): A rare phenomenon where two electrons are emitted instead of the typical electron and anti-neutrino. This suggests that neutrinos and anti-neutrinos may be the same particle, known as Majorana particles. Detection of this decay would provide insights into neutrino mass and enhance our understanding of particle physics.
• AMoRE Experiment: Conducted in South Korea, this experiment aims to detect 0vββ decay using molybdenum-100 (Mo-100), which is known for undergoing double beta decay. The team is currently improving sensitivity by employing 100 kg of Mo-100 for more accurate measurements, though no evidence has been found yet.

The investigation into Majorana particles and their properties is crucial for advancing our knowledge in particle physics and quantum computing, potentially leading to breakthroughs in technology and our understanding of the universe.

GS3/Economy

NITI NCAER States Economic Forum

Why in News?

The Finance Minister is set to launch the NITI NCAER States Economic Forum portal, which aims to enhance data accessibility and support evidence-based policymaking at the state level.

• The portal is developed by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER).
• It serves as a centralized repository of data, research reports, and expert commentary on state-level finances from 1990-91 to 2022-23.
• The forum aims to facilitate easy access to key trends and insights regarding state performance.

Additional Details

• State Reports: Summarizes the macro-fiscal landscape of 28 Indian states, covering indicators such as demography, economic structure, and socio-economic data.
• Data Repository: Provides access to a comprehensive database categorized into five verticals: Demography, Economic Structure, Fiscal Data, Health, and Education.
• State Fiscal and Economic Dashboard: Offers graphical representations of key economic variables over time, including summary tables and raw data for easy reference.
• Research and Commentary: Delivers in-depth insights on state finances, fiscal policy, and financial management, supporting long-term academic and policy research.

This portal promotes benchmarking capabilities, allowing comparison of state performance with national averages, fostering a competitive and cooperative approach to development. It also enhances data accessibility, bridging gaps for policymakers, researchers, and academics, and promotes transparency by offering open access to detailed data, thereby encouraging cooperative federalism.

UPSC Question

Consider the following statements:

• 1. The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee Report has recommended a debt to GDP ratio of 60% for the general (combined) government by 2023, comprising 40% for the Central Government and 20% for the State Governments.
• 2. The Central Government has domestic liabilities of 21% of GDP as compared to that of 49% of GDP of the State Governments.
• 3. As per the Constitution of India, it is mandatory for a State to take the Central Government’s consent for raising any loan if the former owes any outstanding liabilities to the latter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only
• (b) 2 and 3 only
• (c) 1 and 3 only
• (d) 1, 2 and 3

GS3/Defence & Security

9K33 Osa-AK Missile System

Why in News?

The Indian Army's Air Defence forces, part of the White Tiger Division, have showcased their operational readiness and technical proficiency through a recent live missile-firing exercise involving the 9K33 Osa-AK missile system.

• The 9K33 Osa-AK is a highly mobile, low-altitude, short-range tactical surface-to-air missile system.
• Originally developed in the 1960s, it was fielded by the Soviet Union in 1972 and continues to be vital for numerous armies worldwide, including India.
• This missile system is known in NATO as the "SA-8 Gecko."

Additional Details

• Specifications: The Osa-AK measures approximately 9.1 meters in length, 2.78 meters in width, and weighs up to 18 tonnes.
• Capabilities: Its all-in-one vehicle configuration integrates the transporter-erector-launcher and radar (TELAR), enabling independent detection, tracking, and engagement of aerial threats.
• The system can support a crew of up to five members and is equipped with a nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) protection system.
• It carries six missiles ready for immediate launch and can engage targets at a maximum range of 12 kilometers.
• The Osa-AK is fully amphibious, air transportable, and can operate across diverse terrain conditions, with a road range of approximately 500 kilometers for rapid strategic relocation.

This missile system's versatility and rapid response capability make it an essential component of modern air defence strategies.

GS2/International Relations

China-India Ties Across the Past and Into the Future

Why in News?

The 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and India offers a chance to reflect on the historical trajectory, challenges, and future possibilities of this significant bilateral relationship.

• China and India have navigated their relationship through historical complexities, guided by leadership and mutual engagement.
• Cultural and economic exchanges have been crucial to the foundation of their ties, with notable figures symbolizing strong historical connections.
• Despite tensions, both nations have preferred dialogue to resolve conflicts, emphasizing the importance of diplomatic channels.
• Cooperation in global governance is essential, particularly in promoting multilateralism and addressing global challenges like climate change.

Additional Details

• Leadership Influence: Leadership has significantly shaped the course of China-India relations, from the initial diplomatic ties established in 1950 by Mao Zedong and Nehru to recent engagements by Xi Jinping and Modi, which aim to foster renewed cooperation.
• Cultural and Economic Ties: Historical cultural exchanges, such as Buddhist journeys and modern figures like Tagore, have strengthened ties. Economically, trade has increased dramatically, highlighting interdependence, but also revealing an imbalance favoring China.
• Conflict Management: Ongoing border disputes have been managed through dialogue, with mechanisms in place to address issues without escalating into prolonged conflicts, demonstrating a commitment to peaceful resolution.
• Global Responsibilities: As influential members of BRICS and other global forums, China and India share a responsibility to advocate for a balanced global order, emphasizing collaboration in international organizations.

The future of China-India relations hinges on their ability to navigate differences while maximizing areas of cooperation. By focusing on mutual respect and strategic alignment in economic and developmental initiatives, both nations have a historic opportunity to lead Asia's resurgence and contribute to a stable global environment.