Nonfictional Prose - Part 2
Overview of Diary Writing
Reflective JournalDiary writing is a significant form of literature that has been practiced for centuries and remains popular today. A diary is a type of autobiographical writing that serves as a regular record of personal, emotional, and psychological moments in the author's life. Unlike an autobiography or biography, a diary is primarily for the writer's private use, maintaining a straightforward and informal tone, and is not intended for publication.
The popularity of diary writing surged during the late Renaissance, a period that emphasized the importance of the individual. Diaries were valued for their historical, political, and social significance at the time of their writing. A notable example of how diaries capture the historical and political sentiments of their era is the diary of Samuel Pepys, one of the earliest diarists who vividly documented events such as the 17th-century Great Plague and the Great Fire of London.
Notable Diarists
- Dorothy Wordsworth, Fanny Burney, and Henry Crabb Robinson are recognized as notable diarists from the Romantic period.
- The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank is one of the most famous diaries from the Modern period, documenting the harrowing experiences of Jews in Europe during the German occupation.
- A Writer's Diary by Virginia Woolf includes entries from her diaries kept between 1918 and 1941, published by her husband in 1953. This work provides a candid and direct perspective, illustrating that diaries are often written for personal and psychological reasons.
Examples of Diarist Literature
Epistolary HeritageDiary of Samuel Pepys by Samuel Pepys, A Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe, The Diary of A Young Lady by Anne Frank, and Conversation with Myself by Nelson Mandela.
Letters
Letters have been a traditional means of communication between individuals. In the eighteenth century, the practice of letter writing evolved into a literary form, giving rise to what we now recognize as epistolary novels. However, it is important to note that letters and epistolary novels are fundamentally different. Letters were often preserved and occasionally published, much like diaries, as they offer insights into the history, society, psychology, and relationships of their authors. Numerous prominent figures, including Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, and Pt. Nehru, penned letters that provide a glimpse into the challenging times in which they lived. For example, the satirist Alexander Pope used letters to his father, Alexander Senior, while working on his translation of The Iliad. By comparing the poem with the letters, readers gain valuable insights into Pope's personal life, thoughts, and perspectives as both a writer and an individual.
Testimonies
Testimonies pertain to autobiographical accounts, whether written or spoken, particularly when they serve as evidence of war, violence, social abuse, and trauma. Such writings are commonly referred to as testimonial literature.
Nonfiction
Historical PamphletsNonfiction can be seen as another instance of nonfiction writings, especially within the autobiographical genre. These writings offer accounts and testimonies about significant events such as partition, wars, the experiences of prisoners, and the lives of women.
Pamphlets
Pamphlets are among the earliest forms of printed material, gaining popularity in countries like France, England, and Germany. The practice of writing pamphlets became particularly fashionable during the Elizabethan era. Prominent pamphleteers from this period include:
- Thomas Dekker
- Thomas Nash
- Robert Greene
Following the Restoration in England in 1660, pamphlet writing expanded and evolved into a political instrument used against those in power. Other notable pamphleteers from this period include:
- Joseph Addison
- Richard Steele
- Jonathan Swift
- John Milton
One significant example of pamphlet writing is Milton's Divorce Tracts, a collection of four main pamphlets addressing social issues such as marriage, divorce, and religious freedom. The pamphlets included in this collection are:
- Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce
- Judgement of Martin Bruce
- Tetrachordon
- Colasterion
Nonfiction in the Anglo-Norman and Chaucerian Periods
Nonfiction writing has a long history and is not a modern phenomenon. It can be traced back to the Anglo-Norman period, also known as the pre-Chaucerian Period. During this time, the prevalent forms of nonfiction writing included:
- chronicles
- Brut
As time progressed, particularly during Chaucer's era, nonfiction evolved from chronicles and Brut to encompass:
- travelogues
- religious translations
Chroniclers and Historians from the Anglo-Norman Period: Simon of Durham (1090-1129)
Bede (673-735)
Illuminated History- Bede was a famous English historian from the medieval period, and his writings are still important to historians today.
- He joined the Benedictine monastery at Jarrow, located in Durham. One of his notable works, The Historia Regum (History of the Kings), is a collection of historical accounts. This work survives in just one manuscript that was put together in Yorkshire, and it is frequently used as a reference for medieval history.
- Libellus de Exordio focuses mainly on the history of the Abbey of Durham, rather than providing a full history of the bishopric, the Church of Durham, and its earlier foundations.
Important Works
- The Historia Regum
- Libellus de Exordio
William of Malmesbury (1095-1143)
William of Malmesbury was an English historian in the twelfth century, born around 1090 or 1095. He became a monk at a young age and later took on the role of custodian within a religious community in England. His most important work, Gesta Regum Anglorum (Deeds of the Kings of England), is a five-volume history of England, published in 1125. In writing this work, William was inspired by Bede, following his approach and demonstrating a deep admiration for him. Although Gesta Regum Anglorum is not the result of original research, it is considered the most authentic account of twelfth-century England, showcasing William's skill in combining various sources.
Important Works
- Gesta Regum Anglorum
- Gesta Pontificum Anglorum
Matthew Paris (1200-1259)
Matthew Paris was an English chronicler, known for his skill in creating illuminated manuscripts and for his work as a cartographer. He gained fame for his Chronica Maiora (Major Chronicles), which survived in three volumes. This work became one of the most referenced historical sources, even by historians of his own time. The Vitae Duorum Offarum is another literary history written by Matthew Paris.
Nonfiction Writers of the Chaucerian Period
Medieval ThoughtJohn Wycliffe (1330-1384)
- John Wycliffe was a philosopher, priest, translator, and professor at Oxford.
- He challenged the special status of the clergy in the Church.
- Wycliffe advocated for translating the Bible into the common language.
- In 1382, he translated the Bible from the Vulgate into Medieval English, known as Wyclif's Bible.
The Last Age of the Church
- De Logica
- De Universalibus
- De Apostasia
Nonfiction Writings in the Age of Revival
Reginald Peacock (1390-1460)
- Reginald Peacock was an important English theologian in the fifteenth century.
- His writings were both informative and argumentative.
Pedagogical Works
- The Donet
- The Followers to the Donet
- The Rule of Christian Religion
- Repressor of Over-much Blaming of the Clergy
- The Book of Faith
John Fisher (1469-1535)
- John Fisher was an English Catholic bishop and theologian.
- He was chancellor at the University of Cambridge.
- Henry VIII had him executed for refusing to recognize him as the Supreme Head of the Church of England and for supporting papal authority.
- A list of Fisher's works can be found in Joseph Gillow's Bibliographical Dictionary of English Catholics.
A Treatise Concerning the Fruitful Sayings of David, the King and Prophet, in the Seven Penitential Psalms (1508)
Sermon...again ye pernicious doctrine of Martin Luther (5121)
Illuminated Scholarship- Defensio Henrici VIII (1525)
- De Veritate Corporis et Sanguinis Christi in Eucharistia, Adversus Johanuem Oecolampadium (1527)
- The Ballad of Barry Buttock, Cautionary Tale (1529)
- De Causa Matrimonii...Henrici VIII cum Catharina Aragonese (1530)
- The Wayes to Perfect Religion (1535)
- A Spiritual Consolation Written...to his sister Elizabeth (1735)
William Tyndale (1494-1536)
- William Tyndale was a renowned English scholar and translator, best known for his pivotal role in translating the Bible into English.
- His academic journey began at the University of Oxford, where he immersed himself in theological studies and was significantly influenced by the humanist scholar Erasmus.
- Tyndale's translation work was driven by a profound belief in making the scriptures accessible to the English-speaking populace, reflecting the broader Reformation ideals of the time.
A Pathway into the Holy Scripture
- The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1527): A commentary on the biblical parable, exploring themes of wealth and morality.
- The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528): A treatise emphasizing the importance of obedience in the Christian faith.
- A Brief Declaration of the Sacraments : An explanation of the sacraments and their significance in Christianity.
- Practice of Prelates : A critique of ecclesiastical practices.
- Answer to the Dialogue : A response to a dialogue on religious matters.
- Prologue to Jonah : An introduction to the Book of Jonah.
- Epistle of St John : A commentary on the Epistle of St John.
Thomas Elyot (1490-1546)
- Thomas Elyot was an English scholar and diplomat, recognized for his contributions to literature and education in the 16th century.
- One of his notable works, The Boke Called the Governor, evaluates the qualities and responsibilities of the ruling class. In this book, Elyot argues that a solid education is vital for the youth who are expected to govern, emphasizing the importance of preparing future leaders.
- Elyot's diplomatic skills were evident during his tenure as an ambassador to Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. Additionally, he made significant contributions to the English language by compiling the first English Dictionary of Classical Latin, bridging the gap between classical knowledge and English scholarship.
The Knowledge, Which Maketh a Wise Man and Pasquyll the Playne (1533)
- These works by Elyot further illustrate his commitment to the themes of education and governance.
- They reflect his belief that knowledge and wisdom are foundational for effective leadership and societal progress.
The Boke Called the Governor
Elizabethan ManuscriptsThe Boke Called the Governor was published in 1531 and is attributed to Sir Thomas Elyot. The book is a treatise on the qualities and duties of a good governor, emphasizing the importance of moral integrity, knowledge, and the ability to govern justly. Elyot's work reflects the humanist ideals of the Renaissance, highlighting the need for leaders to be well-versed in various disciplines and to prioritize the welfare of their subjects.
The Bankette of Sapience
The Bankette of Sapience is a work by Sir Thomas Elyot, published in 1534. In this book, Elyot explores the concept of wisdom and its significance in governance and personal conduct. He argues that wisdom is paramount for making sound decisions and leading a virtuous life. The title suggests a feast or banquet of knowledge, where the importance of sapience (wisdom) is celebrated and emphasized.
The Castel of Health
The Castel of Health is another work by Sir Thomas Elyot, published in 1536. This book focuses on health and well-being, discussing various aspects of physical and mental health. Elyot provides insights into maintaining good health, the importance of a balanced lifestyle, and the impact of health on one's ability to govern and lead effectively. The title metaphorically represents health as a castle, emphasizing its foundational role in a person's life.
Latin Dictionary
The Latin Dictionary was published in 1538 by Sir Thomas Elyot. This work aimed to provide a comprehensive guide to Latin vocabulary, reflecting Elyot's commitment to education and the promotion of classical languages. The dictionary would have been a valuable resource for scholars, students, and anyone interested in mastering Latin, which was an essential language for intellectual and administrative purposes during the period.
The Defense of Good Women
The Defense of Good Women is a work by Sir Thomas Elyot published in 1540. In this book, Elyot defends the character and virtues of women, countering negative stereotypes and highlighting their positive qualities. He argues for the recognition of women's contributions and the importance of treating them with respect and dignity. This work reflects the broader humanist concern with ethics and social justice, advocating for a more balanced and fair view of women in society.
Preservative Agaynste Deth
Preservative Agaynste Deth is a work published in 1545 by Sir Thomas Elyot. This book addresses the theme of mortality and the measures one can take to preserve life and health. Elyot discusses various aspects of health, diet, and lifestyle that contribute to longevity and well-being. The title suggests a proactive approach to safeguarding against death, emphasizing the importance of health and preventive measures in leading a fulfilling life.
Nonfiction in the Elizabethan Era
Raphael Holinshed (1529-1580)
- Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland: Published by Raphael Holinshed, this historical work was dedicated to Sir William Cecil and covered the ancient history of England, Scotland, and Ireland up to the reign of Elizabeth I.
- Influence on Shakespeare: Holinshed's Chronicles became an important source for several of Shakespeare's plays, including Macbeth, King Lear, and Cymbeline.
William Camden (1551-1623)
- Education and Career: William Camden studied at the University of Oxford and later taught at Westminster School.
- Britannia: Camden published the first edition of Britannia in 1586, surveying England and Ireland. The work was dedicated to William Cecil, Lord Burleigh.
- Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum Regnante Elizabeth: Published in 1615, this work by Camden focused on the reign of Elizabeth I and provided a detailed account of events in England and Ireland during her rule.
Richard Hakluyt (1552-1616)
- Education and Early Career: Richard Hakluyt was educated at Oxford and later became the Chaplain and secretary to Sir Edward Stafford.
- Notable Works: Hakluyt is known for producing significant works such as Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation.
Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582)
- Overview: This work by Richard Hakluyt explores various voyages and discoveries related to America.
- Content: Hakluyt details different expeditions, their objectives, and the findings related to the New World.
- Purpose: The book aimed to inform and encourage interest in the exploration and colonization of America.
The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
- Overview: This work encompasses a broad range of navigations, voyages, and discoveries undertaken by the English nation.
- Content: Hakluyt compiles various accounts of journeys, emphasizing the significance of these explorations in expanding knowledge and influence.
- Impact: The work contributed to the understanding of England's maritime history and encouraged further exploration and trade.
Samuel Purchas (1577-1626)
Puritan JourneysSamuel Purchas was an English compiler of travel and discovery writings, continuing the encyclopaedic works of Richard Hakluyt. In 1614, he became a chaplain to Archbishop George Abbot and published his most famous work, Purchas His Pilgrimage: Or Relations of the World and the Religions Observed in All Ages and Places Discovered from the Creation Unto This Present. This book includes several notable travel narratives. In 1625, he published Hakluytus Posthumus, a large collection of travel stories across four volumes.
Purchas His Pilgrimage: Or Relations of the World and the Religions Observed in All Ages and Places Discovered from the Creation Unto This Present (1614)
- Purchas his Pilgrim Microcosmus: Or the Historie of Man Relating the Wonders of his Generation, Vanities in his Degeneration, Necessity of his Regeneration (1619)