UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 28th April 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/International Relations

The ‘Political Trilemma’ and the Crisis in the West

Why in News?

This editorial highlights the growing crisis faced by democracies in the West, characterized by increasing polarization, distrust in institutions, and the rise of populism. These trends are leading to more insular policies, often in contrast to the ongoing processes of globalization.

Key Takeaways

• The concept of the 'political trilemma' suggests that countries can pursue only two out of three goals: global economic integration, national sovereignty, and popular democracy.
• Job losses in traditional manufacturing sectors and rising economic inequality are significant factors contributing to the current political climate.
• Cultural and identity concerns are fueling anti-globalization sentiments and the rise of far-right political movements.

Additional Details

• Job Losses in Manufacturing: The outsourcing of jobs has led to significant job losses in traditional sectors, particularly affecting regions such as the U.S. Rust Belt. An example includes the decline of the U.S. steel industry, which played a crucial role in Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
• Economic Inequality: Globalization has widened the gap between urban elites and rural populations, contributing to resentment. The Brexit vote illustrated this as economically disadvantaged areas pushed for leaving the EU due to perceived inequalities.
• Cultural and Identity Concerns: Increased movement of people and ideas has raised fears of cultural dilution, leading to a rise in anti-globalization rhetoric. This is exemplified by the emergence of far-right parties in Europe that focus on immigration and national identity.

The discussion on balancing democracy, sovereignty, and globalization illuminates the complex challenges that Western democracies face today. As nations navigate these tensions, the need for policies that promote inclusivity and address economic disparities becomes increasingly critical.

GS3/Environment

Similipal Declared as the 107th National Park of India

Why in News?

The Odisha government has officially designated Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) as a national park, encompassing an area of 845.70 square kilometers. This marks it as the 107th national park in India and the second national park in eastern Odisha, following the Bhitarkanika National Park.

• Similipal is located in the Mayurbhanj district of northern Odisha.
• The park features high plateaus and hills, with peaks like Khairiburu and Meghashini reaching up to 1,515 meters above sea level.

Additional Details

• Flora: Similipal is home to a rich variety of plant life, including 1,078 species, among which are 94 species of orchids. The forests are predominantly composed of Sal trees.
• Fauna: The wildlife of Similipal includes notable species such as leopards, gaurs, elephants, sloth bears, and pangolins. The park also serves as a habitat for migratory birds like the Bar-headed geese and Brahmini ducks.
• Indigenous tribes, including the Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, and Khadia, inhabit the region.
• Similipal was established as a tiger reserve in 1956, included in Project Tiger in 1973, and designated as a Biosphere Reserve in 2009.

One of the park's unique features is its population of pseudo-melanistic tigers, which are the only known wild population of their kind globally. These tigers exhibit a distinctive appearance due to higher levels of melanin, resulting in their unique black-striped coats, which are linked to a mutation in the Taqpep gene.

Consider the following protected areas:

• 1. Bandipur
• 2. Bhitarkanika
• 3. Manas
• 4. Sundarbans

Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?

• (a) 1 and 2 Only
• (b) 1, 3 and 4 Only*
• (c) 2, 3 and 4 only
• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

In conclusion, the designation of Similipal as a national park not only enhances the conservation efforts in the region but also highlights the ecological significance of the area, which is rich in biodiversity and cultural heritage.

GS2/International Relations

Exercise Balikatan 2025

Why in News?

The annual "Balikatan" exercises are taking place in 2025, involving approximately 17,000 military personnel. This year's exercises will simulate a "full-scale battle scenario" aimed at deterring China's increasing ambitions in the region.

• This exercise is the largest bilateral military training conducted between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the United States.
• The term "Balikatan" translates to "shoulder-to-shoulder," symbolizing the strong alliance between the two nations.
• Exercise Balikatan occurs annually, focusing on enhancing military interoperability and readiness under the Mutual Defense Treaty.
• The 2025 edition marks the 40th iteration, featuring a notable Full Battle Test that integrates real-world forces and events.

Additional Details

• Full Battle Test: This component incorporates real-world scenarios into a virtual and constructive environment, enhancing training efficacy.
• The exercise will cover multiple domains, including air, land, sea, space, and cyber, to test the interoperability of U.S. and Philippine forces in defending Philippine sovereignty.
• The exercise will consist of four main components:
  • Combined Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore (CJLOTS) operation
  • Humanitarian Civic Assistance (HCA) activities
  • Command-and-Control Exercise (C2X)
  • Multilateral Maritime Exercise (MME)
• Each component will include various training events and engagements across the Philippines.

In summary, Exercise Balikatan 2025 aims to strengthen the military capabilities and cooperation between the Philippines and the United States, ensuring readiness against potential regional threats.

GS2/Governance

Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise (SMILE) Scheme

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Social Justice has reported a significant discrepancy in the number of identified beggars under the SMILE scheme, revealing only 9,958 beggars across 81 cities compared to the 3.72 lakh recorded in the 2011 Census.

• The SMILE scheme was launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment in 2022.
• This is a Central Sector Scheme aimed at rehabilitating individuals involved in begging and empowering transgender persons.
• The scheme focuses on rehabilitation, livelihood opportunities, skill development, and social empowerment for marginalized groups.
• It integrates previous programs for a more unified approach to empowerment.

Additional Details

• Shelter Homes: The scheme utilizes existing shelter homes managed by state and union territory governments, with plans to establish new facilities where necessary.
• Livelihood Support: The initiative provides essential support services including education, documentation, and economic linkages to promote self-sufficiency.
• Target Beneficiaries: The program aims to assist around 60,000 individuals in total.
• Implementation: A pilot project has been initiated in 30 cities (Phase 1), which is set to expand to 50 more cities (Phase 2). Local surveys are conducted to identify individuals engaged in begging, with a goal to rehabilitate 25 individuals per survey.
• Funding: An allocation of ₹100 crore has been set aside for FY 2023-24 to 2025-26, with ₹14.71 crore utilized by December 2024 for identification and rehabilitation efforts.

The SMILE scheme faces several challenges, including inadequate shelter infrastructure, resistance from individuals to rehabilitation due to socio-economic factors, and ongoing financial constraints which are necessary for the sustainability of these efforts. Long-term support is crucial for the successful reintegration of these individuals into society.

GS3/Economy

RBI Launches ‘bank.in’ Domain to Combat Digital Payment Frauds

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced the exclusive ‘bank.in’ domain for Indian banks to address the rising incidence of digital payment frauds.

• Digital payments and online banking have led to an increase in fraud opportunities.
• Phishing attacks are prevalent, with fraudsters impersonating legitimate bank websites.
• RBI statistics indicate that internet and card frauds represented 20% of total fraud amounts and 84% of fraud cases in 2024.

Additional Details

• ‘bank.in’ Domain: Introduced in February 2025, this domain aims to provide banks with a unique online address, thus reducing the risk of fraudulent websites that mimic genuine bank domains.
• The operational management of the domain will be handled by the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) under the oversight of the National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI).
• The ‘.in’ Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) acts as India's national identifier on the internet and this new domain enhances trust, distinguishing legitimate banks from fraudulent entities.
• The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has been authorized as the exclusive registrar for the ‘bank.in’ domain.
• All banks in India are required to transition to this new domain by October 31, 2025, during which both old and new domains may be operational.

This initiative by the RBI marks a significant step toward enhancing security in digital banking and protecting consumers from fraud.

GS3/Defence & Security

Medium Range-Surface to Air Missile (MR-SAM)

Why in News?

The Indian Navy has recently achieved a significant milestone by successfully test-firing the Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MR-SAM) air defence system aboard the INS Surat warship while operating in the Arabian Sea.

• The MR-SAM is a high-response, quick-reaction missile system designed to neutralize various aerial threats.
• It has been developed through a collaboration between the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Israel Aerospace Industries.
• The missile is manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).

Additional Details

• MR-SAM System Components: The system consists of a command and control system, a tracking radar, missiles, and a mobile launcher.
• The mobile launcher can transport and launch up to eight canisterized missiles, and it operates in both single and ripple firing modes from a vertical launch position.
• Specifications: The MR-SAM measures 4.5 meters in length, weighs approximately 276 kg, and is equipped with canards and fins for enhanced control and maneuverability.
• The missile features an advanced active radar radio frequency (RF) seeker and a rotating phased array radar with a bidirectional data link, allowing for superior tracking and engagement capabilities.
• The propulsion system, developed by DRDO, includes a dual-pulse solid propulsion system, enabling the missile to reach speeds of up to Mach 2.
• The MR-SAM can engage multiple targets simultaneously at ranges of 70 km, enhancing its effectiveness in air defence operations.

In summary, the successful test-firing of the MR-SAM represents a significant advancement in India's air defence capabilities, showcasing the collaboration between Indian and Israeli defense industries and enhancing the operational readiness of the Indian Navy.

GS2/Polity

Supreme Court Suggests Vote Threshold for Unopposed Election Wins

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has recently proposed that in elections where only a single candidate is present, that candidate should be required to obtain a minimum percentage of votes to be declared elected, instead of automatically winning without an election. This suggestion arose during the hearing of a petition filed by the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, which challenges the validity of Section 53(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Currently, this section permits a sole candidate to be declared elected without the need for an election.

• The Supreme Court is considering a vote threshold for uncontested elections.
• Voters may be denied the option to express their disapproval through NOTA when only one candidate stands.
• The petition highlights the historical context of uncontested elections and their implications on voter rights.

Additional Details

• Core Argument: The petition argues that the right to express disapproval through the None of the Above (NOTA) option should be available regardless of the number of candidates. Historical data shows that from 1951 to 2024, there were 26 instances of uncontested Lok Sabha elections, affecting over 82 lakh voters.
• Breakup of Uncontested Elections:Uncontested elections occurred as follows:
  • 7 in 1957
  • 5 in 1951
  • 5 in 1967
  • 3 in 1962
  • 2 in 1977
  • 1 each in 1971, 1980, 1989, and 2024.
• Response from the Election Commission of India (ECI): The ECI noted that uncontested elections are rare, with only one MP elected uncontested since 1989, attributing this to increased political participation and awareness among voters.
• Legislative Changes Needed: The ECI stated that recognizing NOTA as a mandatory option during uncontested elections would necessitate amendments to existing laws.
• Supreme Court's Recommendation: The Court suggested a minimum vote requirement of 10% to 15% for any candidate in uncontested elections, emphasizing the importance of majority support in a democratic system.

The Supreme Court has urged the government to take this matter into consideration for future legislative actions, highlighting that allowing someone to assume a parliamentary position without any voter support undermines democratic principles.

GS3/Economy

CSR Spending in India Sees 16% Growth in FY24: HDFC Bank, Reliance Lead the Charge

Why in News?

Funds spent by listed companies on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) rose by 16% to Rs 17,967 crore in 2023-24, compared to Rs 15,524 crore in 2022-23.

• CSR spending grew significantly, reflecting corporate commitment to social welfare.
• Education and healthcare were the top sectors receiving CSR funds.
• Compliance with CSR regulations remained high, with 98% of eligible companies meeting their obligations.

Additional Details

• About CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility has become integral to India's corporate governance framework, mandated by the Companies Act, 2013. Eligible companies must spend at least 2% of their average net profits over three years on socially impactful initiatives.
• Eligibility Criteria: Companies with a net worth of Rs 500 crore or more, a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore or more, or a net profit of Rs 5 crore or more are obligated to undertake CSR activities.
• CSR Spending Trends: In FY24, CSR spending rose to Rs 17,967 crore, with a notable increase in average three-year net profits to Rs 9.62 lakh crore. However, a shortfall occurred as Rs 2,329 crore was transferred to Unspent CSR Accounts for future use.
• Sectoral Allocation: Major allocations included Rs 1,104 crore for education and Rs 720 crore for healthcare, with education remaining the highest priority.
• Compliance and Governance: 98% of the 1,394 eligible companies fulfilled their CSR obligations, and 49% exceeded their mandated spending.
• Future Outlook: There are calls for revising CSR eligibility thresholds due to the rise in average corporate profits, which would allow a greater focus on larger entities.

The rise in CSR spending indicates a strong corporate commitment towards social responsibility, with an increasing alignment of CSR strategies to sustainable development goals and national priorities. As India's economy evolves, CSR is expected to become a strategic pillar for brand building and stakeholder trust.

GS2/Governance

The Real Indian Arbitrator Needs to Stand Up

Why in News?

India's economic growth has sparked discussions about its arbitration framework and its potential to significantly contribute to the commercial sector. As both cross-border and domestic commerce expand, the likelihood of disputes is increasing. However, India's traditional court-litigation system, which is overwhelmed by a high volume of cases, is unable to adapt to the needs of a modern economic environment. While reforms and judicial measures are often discussed, the vital role of arbitrators—key players in the arbitration process—is frequently overlooked.

• The success of arbitration in India relies heavily on the quality of its arbitrators.
• Current discussions focus on expanding the arbitration bar, but not enough attention is given to strengthening the arbitration bench.
• There is a notable absence of Indian arbitrators in international disputes, often favoring retired judges.
• Effective arbitration requires skills beyond traditional courtroom experience.

Additional Details

• Importance of Human Capital: The effectiveness of arbitration mechanisms hinges on the skills of arbitrators, who manage proceedings and deliver awards. Their ability to conduct efficient arbitral processes and produce high-quality awards is essential.
• Neglected Development: There is a lack of initiatives aimed at developing elite Indian arbitrators, contrasting with efforts to grow the pool of arbitration lawyers.
• Skill Requirements: Proficient arbitrators must be adept in managing proceedings, navigating diverse legal systems, and possess specialized skills in evidence management.
• Need for Diversification: The pool of Indian arbitrators should include professionals from various fields such as finance and technology to enhance decision-making.
• Structured Training Programs: Comprehensive training and certification programs for prospective arbitrators are necessary to elevate the standards of arbitration in India.

In conclusion, the future of Indian arbitration does not solely depend on legislative reforms or judicial measures, but significantly on strengthening the human capital of arbitrators. By diversifying and professionalizing the arbitration community, India can enhance its standing as a global arbitration hub, boosting both domestic confidence and international reputation.

GS2/International Relations

India Raises Continental Shelf Claim in Arabian Sea Region

Why in News?

India has recently expanded its claim in the Central Arabian Sea by nearly 10,000 square kilometers as part of its extended continental shelf, modifying an earlier claim to resolve a dispute with Pakistan.

• India's claim enhancement aims to utilize geological and geophysical evidence.
• The move affects resource exploration rights for oil, gas, and minerals in the seabed.

Additional Details

• Extended Continental Shelf (ECS): Refers to areas beyond 200 nautical miles that countries can claim based on scientific evidence. This allows nations to explore resources on and beneath the seabed.
• Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS): Established in 1997 under the UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), this UN body reviews scientific data submitted by states and provides binding recommendations on the outer limits of the continental shelf.
• India's modified claims in the Arabian Sea include new scientific data, ensuring a more robust argument against Pakistan's objections.
• The Sir Creek area remains a contentious point, though India aims for a peaceful resolution while increasing its claims.
• India's claim overlaps with Oman’s shelf; however, both countries have agreed to maintain open delimitation discussions to avoid conflict.

This modification of India's claims reflects a strategic move to secure its maritime rights and resources while navigating regional disputes peacefully.

GS2/Governance

Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C)

Why in News?

The Indian government has recently authorized the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) to exchange information with the Enforcement Directorate under the anti-money laundering law. This initiative aims to trace money trails and combat cyber fraud effectively.

• I4C acts as a national nodal point to address cybercrime.
• It aims to strengthen measures against cybercrimes affecting women and children.
• The center facilitates the filing of cybercrime complaints and identifies trends in cybercriminal activities.

Additional Details

• Establishment: I4C was established under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to create a structured approach for law enforcement agencies (LEAs) in the fight against cybercrime.
• Headquarters: Located in New Delhi, it serves as the central hub for coordinating efforts against cybercrime.
• Objectives:
  • To strengthen the national response to cybercrime.
  • To provide training and capacity building for law enforcement and judicial officials in cyber forensics and related fields.
  • To facilitate research and development of new technologies and forensic tools in collaboration with academic institutions.
• Components:
  • National Cybercrime Threat Analytics Unit (TAU): Monitors and reports on cyber threats.
  • National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP): A 24x7 platform for citizens to report cybercrime complaints.
  • National Cybercrime Training Centre (NCTC): Provides training to government officials and law enforcement agencies.
• Other Initiatives:
  • Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System for real-time reporting of financial frauds.
  • A national toll-free helpline number '1930' for citizen assistance in lodging online complaints.
  • The "CyberDost" initiative shares cyber safety tips through social media.

I4C also includes a Cyber Crime Volunteers Program, encouraging citizens passionate about combating cybercrime to contribute actively.