UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 29th April 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/International Relations

Understanding the 2025 Papal Conclave: Dynamics, Divisions, and Decisions

Why in News?

Recently, the Catholic Church entered a significant period following the death of Pope Francis at the age of 88 at Domus Sanctae Marthae in Vatican City. This marks the beginning of the sede vacante period, the interregnum until a new Pope is elected, which is crucial for the Church's leadership and direction.

• The Papal Conclave is governed by the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis (UDG).
• Only cardinals under 80 years of age are eligible to vote, requiring a two-thirds majority.
• The College of Cardinals is divided into reformist and conservative factions, influencing the election dynamics.
• Geographical shifts have reduced European dominance in the College of Cardinals.
• Pressing issues such as synodality, LGBTQ+ rights, and the role of women are likely to dominate discussions.

Additional Details

• Papal Conclave: This ancient process combines ritual with political strategy to elect a new Pope, marked by strict isolation to limit external influence.
• Political Divisions:The College of Cardinals is split into two primary camps:
  • Reformists/Progressives: Support Pope Francis's focus on social justice, climate action, and inclusion.
  • Conservatives/Traditionalists: Emphasize liturgical tradition and doctrinal clarity, seeking to maintain established teachings.
• Geopolitical Dynamics: The composition of the College of Cardinals has shifted, with a decreased percentage of European electors and an increased representation from the Global South, reflecting the global nature of Catholicism.
• Key Issues: Discussions are expected to focus on the future direction of the Church, including synodality, LGBTQ+ issues, the role of women, clerical celibacy, and the ongoing sexual abuse crisis.

The outcome of the 2025 Papal Conclave remains uncertain, with a diverse group of electors and complex alliances likely to shape the decision-making process. The final choice will result from political maneuvering, individual discernment, and, for the faithful, divine guidance.

GS2/Polity

The Role and Importance of the Deputy Speaker in the Lok Sabha

Why in News?

The position of Deputy Speaker in the Lok Sabha is constitutionally mandated and plays a critical role in ensuring the effective functioning of legislative processes.

• The Deputy Speaker chairs sessions in the absence of the Speaker.
• This role is crucial for maintaining impartiality during debates.
• Continued vacancy of the post raises constitutional concerns.
• There are historical precedents for the role's importance in legislative continuity.

Additional Details

• Presiding Over the Lok Sabha: The Deputy Speaker steps in to conduct sessions when the Speaker is unavailable, ensuring uninterrupted legislative proceedings. For example, when the Speaker is on an official trip, the Deputy Speaker maintains the House's functioning.
• Impartiality in Debates: Similar to the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker must ensure fair conduct during discussions. During debates on critical legislation, the Deputy Speaker facilitates equal speaking opportunities for all parties, as demonstrated in contentious past sessions.
• Chairing Parliamentary Committees: The Deputy Speaker presides over significant parliamentary committees, such as the Business Advisory Committee, which organizes legislative schedules and aids in managing parliamentary operations effectively.
• Constitutional Concerns: The Constitution mandates the election of a Deputy Speaker as per Article 93, emphasizing urgency. The lack of a Deputy Speaker during the entire term of the 17th Lok Sabha (2019-2024) suggests a disregard for this constitutional requirement.
• Impact on Legislative Stability: The absence of a Deputy Speaker can lead to procedural disruptions, particularly in critical discussions like budget sessions, where delays could arise without a second presiding officer.
• Historical Context: The Deputy Speaker's role originated from the colonial era, evolving from the Deputy President of the Central Legislative Assembly. This position has been formalized in post-independence India, emphasizing its necessity for democratic governance.

To ensure timely appointments for the Deputy Speaker, reforms such as mandating a fixed timeline for elections and formalizing the tradition of offering the position to the Opposition can be implemented. These measures would help restore balance and efficiency in parliamentary functioning, reinforcing democratic norms and practices.

GS2/Polity

TN Revives Push for State Autonomy - Echoes of Rajamannar Committee After 50 Years

Why in News?

Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin has initiated a significant move to address concerns over the diminishing powers of states. He has established a high-level committee led by former Supreme Court judge Justice Kurian Joseph to evaluate Centre-State relations and propose measures to reinforce the constitutional rights of states. This initiative mirrors a similar effort from nearly five decades ago, when then CM C N Annadurai formed the Rajamannar Committee to enhance state autonomy while maintaining national integrity.

• The new committee aims to review and strengthen the constitutional rights of states.
• It reflects a historical context, echoing the Rajamannar Committee's earlier findings on Centre-State dynamics.

Additional Details

• Rajamannar Committee's Observations: The committee noted a troubling trend of increasing central dominance over state affairs, especially when the same political party governs at both levels. It highlighted that state-specific issues are often dictated by the Centre.
• De Facto Centralisation: The committee pointed out that while the Constitution is theoretically federal, its implementation has rendered states as mere administrative extensions of the Centre.
• Constitutional Provisions: Articles 256, 257, and 365 were cited as enablers of central control, allowing the Centre to issue directives to states and enforce compliance.
• Recommendations: Key suggestions included repealing Article 356 to prevent misuse of President's Rule and establishing a robust Inter-State Council under Article 263 to facilitate dialogue over coercion in resolving disputes.
• Criticism of Extra-Constitutional Institutions: The committee criticized non-constitutional bodies like the Planning Commission for exacerbating central control.
• Financial Control: The report highlighted how discretionary grants from the Centre allowed it to exert control over states, reducing their autonomy and making them dependent on central aid.
• Erosion of Federal Balance: The report warned of a "Triple" threat to federalism from central planning, massive grants, and party politics, which undermined the federal structure.
• Rethinking Centralisation: The committee challenged the belief that a strong Centre is beneficial, arguing that true strength lies in restraint and focus rather than expansion.

A half-century later, the DMK government under Stalin is revisiting the Centre-State balance amidst ongoing disputes over issues like NEET, GST compensation, and language policy. The new committee will assess the current legal framework and propose measures to restore state rights. However, the efficacy of these recommendations remains uncertain, as past reports have often been overlooked. Ultimately, this initiative aims to foster cooperation and goodwill in Centre-State relations, reflecting Annadurai's vision from 1967.

GS1/Geography

Mackinac Island

Why in News?

Mackinac Island, a unique destination in Michigan, is renowned for its prohibition of motor vehicles. This small island offers a glimpse into a different era with its historical charm and natural beauty.

• Mackinac Island is situated in northern Michigan, between Lake Huron and Lake Michigan.
• The island spans approximately 4.35 square miles and rises to 339 feet above the surrounding waters.
• It is known for its ban on automobiles, relying instead on horses, buggies, and bicycles for transportation.

Additional Details

• History: The island has a rich history dating back to the 1600s when it was inhabited by the Anishinaabek People. In the 1700s, the French were succeeded by the British and later the Americans.
• Mackinac Island State Park: Covers most of the island, featuring hiking trails, wooded areas, and the famous Arch Rock, a stunning limestone formation.
• The island maintains an 18th and 19th-century atmosphere with preserved sites like Fort Mackinac and the Beaumont Memorial, commemorating important historical figures and events.

Mackinac Island is a captivating blend of history, nature, and tranquility, making it a must-visit destination for those seeking to escape the modern hustle and bustle.

GS2/Governance

Indians Fear Fake News but Are Less Concerned About Press Freedom

Why in News?

Recent findings from a Pew Research Centre survey reveal that while many Indians express significant concern over fake news and misinformation, there is a notable tolerance for increased government control over the media. This paradox highlights the complex relationship between public perceptions of misinformation and the state of press freedom in India.

• High Concern About Fake News: 65% of Indian respondents view fake news as a “very big problem,” ranking India among the top 10 countries in this regard.
• Low Emphasis on Media Freedom: Only 68% believe it is important for the media to operate free from government censorship, the second-lowest among the surveyed countries.
• Belief in Media Freedom: A significant 80% of respondents think the Indian media is “somewhat” or “completely” free from state intervention.
• Misinformation Attribution: Fake news is largely attributed to social media and WhatsApp rather than government actions.

Additional Details

• Misinformation Blamed on Non-State Actors: Many believe that fake news originates from platforms like WhatsApp or Facebook, especially during election periods, rather than from government sources.
• Trust in Government Regulation: There is a prevailing belief that the government is better positioned to control misinformation than an independent press.
• Low Awareness of Press Freedom Deterioration: Despite a decline in India’s World Press Freedom Index ranking, most respondents perceive the media as free.
• Deteriorating Position Globally: India ranked 159 out of 180 in the 2024 World Press Freedom Index, indicating serious concerns regarding media independence and journalist safety.
• Gap Between Perception and Reality: The public’s belief in media freedom contrasts with reports of censorship and harassment faced by journalists.
• Legal and Political Threats: Stringent laws are often misused against journalists, creating a chilling effect on reporting.
• Public Support for Control: A significant portion of the population supports state control over media, showing a disconnect between democratic ideals and public expectations.
• Press Freedom Gap: India and Kenya are unique in showing that more people believe the media is free than those who believe media freedom is important.

The survey outcomes suggest that enhancing media literacy and public awareness regarding the significance of a free press is essential. Initiatives could include educational campaigns on the risks of censorship and the importance of independent journalism to bridge the gap between public perception and reality.

GS2/Polity

Padma Awards

Why in News?

The President of India has recently conferred 4 Padma Vibhushan, 10 Padma Bhushan, and 57 Padma Shri Awards during the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I held at the Ganatantra Mandap of Rashtrapati Bhawan.

• The Padma Awards recognize exceptional service in various fields.
• The awards were established in 1954 alongside the Bharat Ratna.
• The selection process involves a committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary.

Additional Details

• Historical Background: The Padma Awards were first introduced in 1954, with three classes known as Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg, and Tisra Varg. These were renamed in 1955 via Presidential Notification to Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri.
• Categories:
  • Padma Vibhushan: Awarded for exceptional and distinguished service.
  • Padma Bhushan: Conferred for distinguished service of a high order.
  • Padma Shri: Recognizes distinguished service in any field.
• Eligibility Criteria: All individuals, irrespective of race, occupation, or gender are eligible for the awards. Government servants, except doctors and scientists, are not eligible. Posthumous awards are rare and only given in highly deserving cases.
• Selection Process: Nominations are evaluated by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted annually by the Prime Minister and is headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Recommendations are submitted to the Prime Minister and President for final approval.
• Awards Presentation: The awards are presented by the President, typically in March or April. Awardees receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion.
• Other Key Features: The total number of Padma awards per year is capped at 120, excluding posthumous awards. Awards are also conferred to NRIs, foreign nationals, and Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs), but the title cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the awardee’s name.
• Disciplines Covered: The awards span various fields including art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, and civil service.

The Padma Awards play a significant role in recognizing and honoring individuals who have made remarkable contributions in their respective fields, highlighting the diversity and talent present in India.

GS3/Defence & Security

Trends in World Military Expenditure Report 2024

Why in News?

The 2024 edition of the “Trends in World Military Expenditure” report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) highlights significant changes in global military spending, particularly emphasizing the stark contrast between India and Pakistan's military budgets.

• Global defence expenditures reached $2.46 trillion in 2024, up from $2.24 trillion in 2023.
• India's military spending was nearly nine times higher than that of Pakistan in the previous year.
• Europe's military spending increased by 17% to $693 billion, largely due to ongoing conflicts.
• The USA accounted for 66% of total NATO spending and 37% of global military expenditure.

Additional Details

• Global Military Spending: In 2024, the average defence spending rose to 9% of global GDP, significantly increasing from 1.6% in 2022 and 1.8% in 2023.
• Regional Focus: Military expenditures grew across all regions, with notable increases in Europe and the Middle East due to the Ukraine-Russia war and the Israel-Hamas conflict.
• Top Spenders: The five largest military spenders (USA, China, Russia, Germany, and India) accounted for 60% of the world's military spending.
• China's Growth: China’s military spending rose by 7% to an estimated $314 billion, continuing a three-decade trend of growth.

This report underscores the shifting dynamics in military spending globally, with particular attention on the increasing disparity between nations like India and Pakistan, reflecting broader geopolitical tensions.

GS3/Science and Technology

National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)

Why in News?

The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) is a flagship initiative launched by the Government of India in 2015. The mission seeks to enhance the nation's capabilities in High-Performance Computing (HPC) and aims to make India self-reliant in supercomputing technologies, thereby strengthening various sectors such as science, technology, academia, research, and industry.

• NSM aims to position India among the top nations in supercomputing.
• It focuses on reducing technological import dependence and fostering a robust indigenous HPC ecosystem.
• Over 34 supercomputers with a total computational capacity of 35 Petaflops have been deployed across various institutes.

Additional Details

• Key Achievements: NSM has facilitated the utilization of supercomputers at 85–95%, supporting over 10,000 researchers and 1,700+ PhD scholars from more than 200 institutions.
• Over 1 crore computing jobs have been completed, resulting in the publication of over 1,500 research papers, showcasing significant research productivity.
• NSM has trained over 22,000 individuals in HPC and AI skills through five dedicated centers located in Pune, Kharagpur, Chennai, Palakkad, and Goa.

The NSM not only emphasizes enhancing computational capacity but also marks milestones in indigenization, such as the development of indigenous HPC-class servers like "Rudra". Additionally, the AIRAWAT project under NSM has positioned India as a notable player in AI supercomputing.

GS3/Environment

Sariska TR’s Critical Tiger Habitat to Grow by 4.5k Hectares

Why in News?

The Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH) of the Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR) in Rajasthan is set to expand by approximately 4,500 hectares. This expansion aims to enhance conservation efforts for the tiger population in the region.

• CTHs are established under the Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA), 1972 to ensure the conservation of tigers.
• Core areas of tiger reserves are designated as CTHs where human activities are strictly prohibited.
• Buffer zones surrounding CTHs support sustainable human activities like eco-tourism.
• Expansion is based on scientific studies of tiger movement and breeding patterns.

Additional Details

• Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH): These areas are vital for the long-term survival of tiger populations, ensuring ecological balance by maintaining areas free from human disturbance.
• The rights of Scheduled Tribes and other forest dwellers are respected within the conservation framework, promoting inclusive conservation strategies.
• The largest critical tiger habitat in India is the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR), covering an area of 5,937 square kilometers.

The Sariska Tiger Reserve, located in the Alwar district, is a crucial habitat for tigers, having transitioned from a royal hunting ground to a sanctuary in 1955 and later a national park in 1979. The reserve was among the first to be included in the Project Tiger initiative. After a significant decline in tiger numbers due to poaching, successful relocations have marked STR as a pioneering example of tiger reintroduction.

Flora in STR includes semi-deciduous forests, grasslands, and rocky landscapes, with dominant species like dhok trees. The area also supports diverse fauna, including leopards, sambhar deer, nilgai, and wild boars. The Ruparel River enhances the ecological richness of the reserve by providing habitat for various wildlife and plant species.

[UPSC 2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
Options: (a) Corbett (b) Ranthambore (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam* (d) Sunderbans

GS3/Environment

Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary

Why in News?

Recently, a poacher was apprehended during an exchange of gunfire with forest guards at Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary, highlighting ongoing challenges in wildlife conservation efforts in the region.

• Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Balasore District of Odisha, India.
• The sanctuary spans an area of 272 sq.km and is part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
• It is a critical habitat within the larger Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve.
• The sanctuary features a network of streams, including the Kuldiha stream and its tributaries.

Additional Details

• Geographical Significance: Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary is connected to the Simlipal Tiger Reserve through the Nato and Sukhupada Hill ranges, enhancing conservation efforts across species.
• Vegetation: The sanctuary showcases a mix of peninsular Sal forests and moist mixed deciduous forests, influenced by neighboring Nilgiri and Mayurbhanj forests.
• Flora Diversity: Key plant species include Sal (Shorea robusta), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Piyasal (Pterocarpus marsupium), and Bahera (Terminalia bellirica).
• Fauna: The sanctuary is home to endangered species such as the Asiatic Elephant, Leopard, Gaur, and various bird species including Hill Myna and Hornbill.

Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary plays a vital role in the conservation of biodiversity and is essential for protecting the habitats of various species, particularly elephants and tigers, in the Eastern Ghats region.

GS3/Environment

Uturuncu Volcano - An Analysis of Its Unrest

Why in News?

Recent studies conducted by scientists from China, the UK, and the U.S. have provided insights into the dynamics of Bolivia's Uturuncu Volcano, often referred to as a "zombie" volcano. These findings have helped alleviate concerns regarding a potential eruption.

• Uturuncu is located in southwestern Bolivia, part of the Andes Mountains.
• This stratovolcano features dacitic lava domes and flows.
• It stands at an elevation of approximately 6,008 meters (19,711 feet), making it the tallest mountain in southern Bolivia.
• Despite last erupting 250,000 years ago, it remains seismically active.
• There is an extensive underground reservoir of magma beneath the volcano, known as the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB).

Additional Details

• Zombie Volcano: Uturuncu is termed a "zombie" volcano due to its ongoing but non-eruptive activity.
• The unrest observed at Uturuncu is primarily attributed to the movement of liquid and gas beneath its crater.
• Current assessments suggest a low likelihood of an imminent eruption, providing reassurance to nearby populations.

In summary, the collaborative research has significantly enhanced our understanding of Uturuncu Volcano, clarifying its behavior and reducing fears of a possible eruption in the near future.

GS2/International Relations

What is GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance?

Why in News?

Gavi, the international vaccine alliance, is currently urging the administration of President Donald Trump to sustain essential funding, positing that such contributions would enhance the US vaccine industry.

• Gavi is an independent public-private partnership established in 2000.
• Its primary aim is to improve access to new and underused vaccines for children in the world's poorest countries.
• Based in Geneva, Switzerland, Gavi collaborates with various stakeholders to ensure equal vaccine access for children globally.

Additional Details

• Partnership Composition: Gavi unites developing country and donor governments, the World Health Organization, UNICEF, the World Bank, vaccine manufacturers, research and technical agencies, civil society organizations, and private philanthropists.
• Main Activities: Gavi supports low- and middle-income countries by providing financial support, technical expertise, and market-shaping efforts to lower vaccine procurement costs.
• Since its inception, Gavi has successfully vaccinated over 1.1 billion children and is credited with saving approximately 18.8 million lives as of 2023.
• Gavi played a pivotal role in COVAX, a multilateral initiative aimed at ensuring equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines worldwide from 2020 to 2023.

Gavi's efforts highlight the importance of collaborative approaches in global health initiatives, focusing on equitable access to vaccines and the significant impact on child health in developing nations.