Previous Year Questions 2025: Logical Reasoning | Logical Reasoning for CLAT PDF Download

Passage - 1

While a majority of homeless groups exist solely in modernized cultures, homelessness remains a problem throughout the world.   Everywhere there are people in constant search of food, water and shelter. Many of these people have nowhere to go and can find no end or relief to their suffering.  Homelessness was originally believed to be a cultural problem but is now revealing itself as a global problem.  It is a problem suffered by all of humanity and must be faced and solved as such. Although this problem exists everywhere, it is more severe in certain parts of the world. Due to the differing circumstances of homelessness around the world, there can be no one solution or one set of guidelines for everyone to follow.
Even the United States constantly struggles with homelessness, despite being one of the wealthiest countries in the world. According to a 2005 survey by the United Nations, 1.6 billion people lack adequate housing. The causes vary depending on the place and person. Common reasons include a lack of affordable housing, poverty, a lack of mental health services, and more. Homelessness is rooted in systemic failures that fail to protect those who are most vulnerable. Approximately 580,000 people experience homelessness on any given night in the United States, as stated by the Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Department of the United States. The number of individuals experiencing homelessness varies by region, with urban areas experiencing higher rates of homelessness compared to rural areas. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated homelessness and housing insecurity, leading to increased rates of eviction, unemployment, and housing instability. Using social distancing measures to curb the virus’s transmission has presented difficulties for homeless shelters and service providers in maintaining their capacity. The economic fallout from the pandemic has further strained resources and support systems for individuals and families experiencing homelessness.
(Extracted with revisions and modifications from an article ‘The impact of COVID-19 and housing insecurity on lower-income women’ published in Journal of Social Issues, October 3, 2022)
Q1: For the above paragraph, which of the following statements is true?
(a) When people in industrialized civilizations think of homelessness, they generally imagine third-world countries where poverty is rampant
(b) Generally, the impoverished are thought of to exist in third-world countries only, but they are present even in the largest cities of the world
(c) Homelessness increases due to major turbulence on the economic and cultural aspects
(d) All of the Above
Ans: (d)
Option (A) : "When people in industrialized civilizations think of homelessness, they generally imagine third-world countries where poverty is rampant."
This is true because many people associate homelessness with developing nations due to stereotypes about poverty and lack of resources.
Option (B): "Generally, the impoverished are thought of to exist in third-world countries only, but they are present even in the largest cities of the world."
This is also true. While poverty is often associated with third-world countries, it exists in large cities globally, including in developed nations like the United States.
Option (C): "Homelessness increases due to major turbulence on the economic and cultural aspects."
This is true as well. Economic downturns (e.g., recessions, pandemics) and cultural factors (e.g., systemic failures, lack of affordable housing) contribute significantly to homelessness.
Option (D): "All of the Above"
Since all three options (A), (B), and (C) are correct, the correct answer is (D).

Q2: There are several causes of homelessness; which of the following is the least likely a cause of homelessness? 
(a) Violence in the home 
(b) Loss of job or income 
(c) Substance abuse 
(d) Proper health care 
Ans: (d)
Option (A) : "Violence in the home"

• Domestic violence can force individuals or families to flee their homes, leading to homelessness.

Option (B) : "Loss of job or income"

• Job loss or financial instability is a significant cause of homelessness, especially when combined with a lack of savings or support systems.

Option (C) : "Substance abuse"

• Substance abuse can lead to job loss, strained relationships, and financial difficulties, contributing to homelessness.

Option (D) : "Proper health care"

• Access to proper health care is not a cause of homelessness; rather, it is often a barrier that exacerbates existing issues. Therefore, this is the least likely cause.

Q3: Homelessness in case of mental illness can be amplified because of the following reason:
(a) The stress of being homeless may exacerbate previous mental illness and encourage anxiety, fear, depression, sleeplessness and substance use. 
(b) People with mental illness remain homeless for longer periods of time and have less contact with family and friends. 
(c) Poor mental health predisposes individuals to homelessness and homelessness exposes individuals further to particularly severe health problems. 
(d) All of the above 
Ans: (d)
Option (A) : "The stress of being homeless may exacerbate previous mental illness and encourage anxiety, fear, depression, sleeplessness, and substance use."

• Being homeless adds immense stress, which can worsen pre-existing mental health conditions.

Option (B) : "People with mental illness remain homeless for longer periods of time and have less contact with family and friends."

• Mental illness can make it harder for individuals to maintain stable living situations and social connections, prolonging homelessness.

Option (C) : "Poor mental health predisposes individuals to homelessness and homelessness exposes individuals further to particularly severe health problems."

• Poor mental health can increase the risk of homelessness, and the experience of homelessness can worsen physical and mental health.

Option (D) : "All of the above"

• Since all three options (A), (B), and (C) are correct, the correct answer is (D).

Q4:  Homelessness in reference to the above paragraph can be observed most closely in the form of: 
(a) Inadequate entertainment avenues 
(b) Shortage of appropriate clothing 
(c) Poor prospects for employment 
(d) Inadequate medial services 
Ans: (c)

Option (A) : "Inadequate entertainment avenues"

• While entertainment might be affected by homelessness, it is not the primary indicator of homelessness.

Option (B) : "Shortage of appropriate clothing"

• Clothing shortages can occur, but they are not the most direct indicator of homelessness.

Option (C) : "Poor prospects for employment"

• Unemployment or underemployment is a significant factor contributing to homelessness, making this the most relevant observation.

Option (D) : "Inadequate medical services"

• While inadequate medical services can affect homeless populations, they are not the primary observable form of homelessness.

Q5: Approximately how many people in America are currently experiencing homelessness on any given day? 
(a) 1 million people 
(b) More than 5.5 million 
(c) 3.5 million 
(d) 100 million
Ans: (a)
According to the HUD Department of the United States, approximately 580,000 people experience homelessness on any given night in the United States. Option (A) is the closest estimate among the choices provided.

Option (B) : "More than 5.5 million"

• This is an overestimation.

Option (C) : "3.5 million"

• This is also an overestimation.

Option (D) : "100 million"

• This is highly inaccurate.

Q6: Which of the following is not a myth about people experiencing homelessness? 
(a) People who are homeless choose to be so, by themselves 
(b) People experiencing homelessness are lazy 
(c) All people who experience homelessness are addicts 
(d) People experiencing homelessness find it difficult to obtain a job
Ans: (d)
Option (A) : "People who are homeless choose to be so, by themselves"

• This is a myth. Homelessness is rarely a choice and is usually caused by systemic issues.

Option (B) : "People experiencing homelessness are lazy"

• This is another myth. Many homeless individuals face barriers beyond laziness, such as unemployment or mental health issues.

Option (C) : "All people who experience homelessness are addicts"

• This is a myth. While addiction can contribute to homelessness, not all homeless individuals are addicts.

Option (D) : "People experiencing homelessness find it difficult to obtain a job"

• This is not a myth. Homeless individuals often face challenges in obtaining employment due to lack of stable housing, transportation, and other systemic barriers.

Passage - 2

Being a consultant, your work consists of a deep examination of the company’s environment and its internal system to notice inefficiencies and potential improvements. The interaction with the company’s management and different sections to decipher their objectives, opportunities, and processes. This means that, through the use of data analysis, industry best practices, and the formulation of creative ways of solving all problems, to come up with unique solutions to all problems to increase efficiency and productivity, and hence, increase profitability for employers. This might entail operations such as logistics redesign, business process reengineering, adopting new applications, systems, or even community relation programs. People management is a critical component of change management, to make sure that all the relevant parties interpret the potential alterations positively. Also, to offer orientation and create resources to explain the changes to the group and make it comfortable with the shift. The general goal is the organization’s ability to continue to grow and remain relevant with the shareholders and stakeholders in the industries it operates.
Q7: What is the primary responsibility of you being a company’s efficient consultant? 
(a) Analyzing the organization’s structure, processes, and market position 
(b) Managing daily operations 
(c) Hiring new employees 
(d) Conducting maintenance 
Ans: (a)
Option (A) : "Analyzing the organization’s structure, processes, and market position"

• This is the primary responsibility of a consultant, as they assess inefficiencies, identify opportunities, and propose solutions to improve performance.

Option (B) : "Managing daily operations"

• Managing daily operations is typically the responsibility of internal management, not consultants.

Option (C) : "Hiring new employees"

• Hiring is usually handled by HR departments, not consultants.

Option (D) : "Conducting maintenance"

• Maintenance is not a core responsibility of a consultant.

Q8: With whom does a consultant work closely to understand a company’s goals and challenges? 
(a) Customers 
(b) Higher management and various departments 
(c) External vendors 
(d) Competitors
Ans: (b)
Option (A) : "Customers"

• While customer feedback is important, consultants primarily work with internal stakeholders.

Option (B) : "Higher management and various departments"

• Consultants collaborate with higher management and different departments to gather insights into the company's objectives, processes, and challenges.

Option (C) : "External vendors"

• External vendors are not the primary focus for understanding internal goals and challenges.

Option (D) : "Competitors"

• Competitors are analyzed for strategic purposes but are not the main point of interaction for understanding internal goals.

Q9: Imagine yourself as a consultant and find what methods you will use to develop customized solutions? 
(a) Intuition and guesswork 
(b) Social media trends 
(c) Random selection 
(d) Data analysis, industry best practices, and innovative strategies 
Ans: (d)

Option (A) : "Intuition and guesswork"

• Intuition alone is insufficient for developing effective solutions.

Option (B) : "Social media trends"

• Social media trends may provide some insights but are not the primary method for developing solutions.

Option (C) : "Random selection"

• Random selection is not a valid approach for problem-solving.

Option (D) : "Data analysis, industry best practices, and innovative strategies"

• These are the key methods consultants use to analyze problems, benchmark against industry standards, and propose creative solutions.

Q10: Which of the following might a consultant optimize to improve company efficiency? 
(a) Office decoration 
(b) Supply chain management 
(c) Employee dress code 
(d) Lunch menus 
Ans: (b)
Option (A) : "Office decoration"

• Office decoration is not directly related to improving company efficiency.

Option (B) : "Supply chain management"

• Optimizing supply chain processes can significantly enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs.

Option (C) : "Employee dress code"

• Dress codes are not a critical factor in improving efficiency.

Option (D) : "Lunch menus"

• Lunch menus are unrelated to company efficiency.

Q11: Why is communication the most relevant thing for a consultant? 
(a) To ensure all stakeholders understand the proposed changes 
(b) To organize consumer meets 
(c) To update the company website 
(d) To manage the human resources 
Ans: (a)
Option (A) : "To ensure all stakeholders understand the proposed changes"

• Effective communication is crucial for explaining changes, gaining buy-in, and ensuring smooth implementation.

Option (B) : "To organize consumer meets"

• Consumer meets are not the primary focus of a consultant's communication role.

Option (C) : "To update the company website"

• Updating the website is a minor task compared to the broader role of communication.

Option (D) : "To manage the human resources"

• Human resources management is not the primary responsibility of a consultant.

Q12: What additional support might a consultant provide to help the team adapt to new processes? 
(A) Planning a retreat for the team members 
(B) Training and support 
(C) Personal counselling 
(D) Mental Health programs
Ans: (b)
Option (A) : "Planning a retreat for the team members"

• While retreats can be helpful, they are not the primary form of support for adapting to new processes.

Option (B) : "Training and support"

• Providing training and ongoing support is essential for helping teams adopt new processes effectively.

Option (C) : "Personal counselling"

• Personal counselling is not typically part of a consultant's role.

Option (D) : "Mental Health programs"

• While mental health programs can be beneficial, they are not the primary support needed for process adaptation.

Passage - 3

Read the information carefully and answer the questions based on the seating arrangement:
“Ram, Shyam, Rohit, Mohit, Rohan, Sohan, Mohan, Rakesh and Suresh are sitting around a circle facing the centre. Rohit is third to the left of Ram. Rohan is fourth to the right of Ram. Mohit is fourth to the left of Suresh who is second to the right of Ram. Sohan is third to the right of Shyam. Mohan is not an immediate neighbour of Ram.”
Q13: What is Rakesh’s position with respect to Rohan? 
(a) Eighth to the right of Ram 
(b) Fourth to the left 
(c) Fifth to the right 
(d) Fifth to the left 
Ans: (d)
The seating arrangement is as follows (clockwise from Ram):

• Ram → Rohit (3rd to the left of Ram)
• Mohit (4th to the left of Suresh, who is 2nd to the right of Ram)
• Rohan (4th to the right of Ram)
• Sohan (3rd to the right of Shyam)
• Mohan (not an immediate neighbor of Ram)
• Rakesh
• Suresh
• Shyam
• Mohan
• Rakesh is fifth to the left of Rohan.

Q14: Who is third to the right of Mohan? 
(a) Shyam 
(b) Mohit
(c) Ram 
(d) None of these
Ans: (c)Based on the seating arrangement, Rohit is third to the right of Mohan.

Q15: Who is fifth to the right of Rohan? 
(a) Sohan 
(b) Rohit
(c) Ram
(d) Suresh
Ans: (c)

Counting five positions to the right of Rohan leads to Ram.

Q16: Who is second to the left of Rakesh? 
(a) Ram 
(b) Mohan 
(c) Mohit 
(d) Data inadequate 
Ans: (d)

The second to the left of Rakesh is Sohan which is not listed in this question. Hence , d will be the most appropriate answer.
Q17: Who is the immediate right of Mohit? 
(a) Sohan 
(b) Rohit 
(c) Ram 
(d) Data inadequate 
Ans: (a)

Sohan is sitting exact right position of Mohit.

Q18: Who is third to the right of Sohan? 
(a) Rohit
(b) Rohan
(c) Rakesh
(d) Suresh
Ans: (d)

Counting three positions to the right of Sohan leads to Suresh, which is option d.

Passage - 4

India is poised for rapid economic growth, potentially spurred by a young population  driving production and demand. In the process, inevitably, lifestyles are being  dramatically altered for the worse. India now reports the highest growth of  ultra-processed food consumption among the youth, as well as low levels of exercise and adequate sleep. Cultural changes, including smartphones and a preponderance of English in schools, are also associated with weakened family relationships. Until recently, in the absence of extensive data, the role of these factors on mental well-being, encompassing our full range of mental capability, was not well understood. Recent findings based on a large database of over 1,50,000 individuals in India are beginning to shed light on the correlates of mental well-being among adolescents. The findings are dire. There is a silent epidemic of mental ill-health in India. Previous studies have found that ownership of smartphones is “frying” the brain. Data also suggests that it is not merely the ownership of a phone but also the early age of access that is associated with worse cognition and mental well-being as young adults. The young brain is developing and must be nurtured. These gadgets are handed to adolescents, presumably more out of convenience than sound logic. The American philosopher David Henry Thoreau remarked over 175 years ago, “Technology is an improved means to an unimproved end.” This is an extreme position but one worth mulling. India reports the highest growth in consumption of ultra-processed foods. Some evidence suggests that these foods are as addictive as smoking. Recent data globally and from India shows a strong association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and poor mental well-being, particularly the capacities for emotional and cognitive control. 
[Source- V. Anantha Nageswaran and Shailender Swaminathan, “How our lifestyle is creating an epidemic of mental ill health”, THE INDIAN EXPRESS, September 7, 2024]
Q19: Based on the above passage, which of the following should be the most suitable title for the passage? 
(a) Lifestyle and Mental Health
(b) Economic Growth and Mental Health
(c) Impact of Technology on the Youth
(d) Language and Cultural Change
Ans: (a)
Option (A) : "Lifestyle and Mental Health"

• The passage discusses how lifestyle factors (e.g., smartphone usage, ultra-processed food consumption) impact mental health.

Option (B) : "Economic Growth and Mental Health"

• While economic growth is mentioned, it is not the central theme.

Option (C) : "Impact of Technology on the Youth"

• Technology is discussed, but the focus is broader than just technology.

Option (D) : "Language and Cultural Change"

• Language and culture are mentioned briefly but are not the main focus.

Q20: Consider the given statement “Technology is an improved means to an unimproved end”. Which of the following closely reflects the meaning of the given statement?
(a) New technologies have to be accepted by primarily focusing on its positive results 
(b) New technologies create a hindrance to the physical health of an individual 
(c) Poor mental health is a result of the invention of new technologies 
(d) New technologies should be looked upon with scepticism, considering its  negative impact
Ans: (d)
Option (A) : "New technologies have to be accepted by primarily focusing on its positive results"

• This contradicts the statement, which highlights skepticism about technology.

Option (B) : "New technologies create a hindrance to the physical health of an individual"

• The statement focuses on mental health, not physical health.

Option (C) : "Poor mental health is a result of the invention of new technologies"

• This oversimplifies the statement, which suggests skepticism rather than outright blame.

Option (D) : "New technologies should be looked upon with scepticism, considering its negative impact"

• This aligns with the idea that technology, while advanced, may not always lead to improved outcomes.

Q21: Which of the following statements strengthens the author’s argument regarding the negative use of smartphones among the youth? 
(a) Excessive use of smartphones may lead to weakened family relationships
(b) There has to be an unhindered use of smartphones
(c) Smartphones have economic usefulness
(d) Ownership of smartphones at an early age results due to lack of care by parents
Ans: (a)
Option (A) : "Excessive use of smartphones may lead to weakened family relationships"

• This directly supports the argument that smartphones negatively impact mental health and social connections.

Option (B) : "There has to be an unhindered use of smartphones"

• This contradicts the argument.

Option (C) : "Smartphones have economic usefulness"

• This is irrelevant to the argument about negative impacts.

Option (D) : "Ownership of smartphones at an early age results due to lack of care by parents"

• While this may be true, it does not strengthen the argument about negative impacts.

Q22: Which of the following can be a plausible solution for better mental well-being among the youth?
(a) Limiting the correlation between physical and mental health
(b) Limiting the research on excessive use of smartphones
(c) Limiting the widespread consumption of ultra-processed foods
(d) Limiting the informed use of smartphones across all age groups
Ans: (c)
Option (A) : "Limiting the correlation between physical and mental health"

• This is not a practical solution.

Option (B) : "Limiting the research on excessive use of smartphones"

• Research is necessary to address the issue.

Option (C) : "Limiting the widespread consumption of ultra-processed foods"

• Ultra-processed foods are linked to poor mental health, making this a plausible solution.

Option (D) : "Limiting the informed use of smartphones across all age groups"

• Informed use is beneficial; limiting it entirely is impractical.

Q23: Which of the following statements by the author lack credible evidence in the passage? 
(a) Excessive mobile usage linked to mental health issues 
(b) Providing mobiles to adolescents resulting in mental stress
(c) Students learning the English language have weakened family relationships
(d) Inadequate sleep and junk food resulting in mental distress
Ans: (c)
Option (A) : "Excessive mobile usage linked to mental health issues"

• This is supported by evidence in the passage.

Option (B) : "Providing mobiles to adolescents resulting in mental stress"

• This is supported by evidence in the passage.

Option (C) : "Students learning the English language have weakened family relationships"

• The passage does not provide evidence linking English language learning to weakened family relationships.

Option (D) : "Inadequate sleep and junk food resulting in mental distress"

• This is supported by evidence in the passage.

Q24: “These gadgets are handed to adolescents, presumably more out of convenience than sound logic.” Which of the following is the most suitable explanation echoed by the author as per the given statement? 
(a) Logic prevails over reasoning 
(b) Logic and emotions go hand in hand
(c) Logic taking a backseat over utility
(d) Logic and benefits can never be understood together
Ans: (c)
Option (A) : "Logic prevails over reasoning"

• This contradicts the statement.

Option (B) : "Logic and emotions go hand in hand"

• This is not directly reflected in the statement.

Option (C) : "Logic taking a backseat over utility"

• This aligns with the idea that convenience (utility) is prioritized over careful consideration (logic).

Option (D) : "Logic and benefits can never be understood together"

• This is too extreme and not supported by the statement.