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IXth Notes
Diversity In Living Organisms
1. Why do we classify organisms?
We classify organisms to put them into groups, to study the vast variety of life forms easily.
2. Give three examples of range variations that you see in life forms around you.
(1) Range of size: Microscopic bacteria of a few micrometre in size to blue whales and Redwood trees of California of approximate size of 30 metres and 100 metres respectively.
(2) Range of lifespan: Pine trees living for thousands of years to insects like mosquitoes which die within a few days.
(3) Range of colour: Life ranges from colourless worms to brightly coloured birds and flowers
3. On what basis did Aristotle classify organisms? Was it a correct way of classification? Why?
Aristotle classified organisms according to whether they lived on land in water or air. It was not a correct way of classification because animals which live in water differ in many different ways. Same is the case with those in air and on land. Habitat is the only point they share in common.
4. What are the advantages of classifying organisms?
1. It makes the study of vast variety of organisms easy.
2. Inter relationships among organisms become clear.
5. What should be the guidelines followed in classifying organisms?
Decide which characteristic is to be used as the basis for making the broadest divisions. Pick the next set of characteristics for making subgroups within these divisions. This process can be continued using new characteristic each time.
6. What is a characteristic? Give example.
A characteristic is a particular form or function. For example five fingers on each hand is a characteristic.
7. What do you think is a basic characteristic for classifying organisms,
(a) the place where they live
(b) the kind of cells they are made of? Why?
The kind of cells they are made of. This is because the nucleated cells can make multicellular organisms with tissues that can take up specialized functions.
8. What makes the a basic distinction in the body design of organisms.
The type of cells whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic is a characteristic that makes a basic distinction in the body design of organisms.
9. Give three examples of characteristics used for hierarchical classification.
Whether they are (1) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
(2) unicellular or multicellular
(3) mode of nutrition autotrophic or heterotrophic.
10. The characteristics used for classification of plants will be very different from those used for animals. Why?
The basic design in plants and animals is different based on the need to make their own food (in plants) or acquire it (in animals)
11. What is evolution?
Evolution is the gradual unfolding of organisms from the preexisting ones through changes since the beginning of life.
12. Name the scientist who described the idea of organic evolution and the book in which he explained it.
Charles Darwin first described the idea of evolution in his book ‘The Origin of Species’.
13. Name the scientists who classified organisms into kingdoms.
Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker and Carl Woese.
14. Who proposed the 5 kingdom classification? Name the 5 kingdoms.
Whittaker. The 5 kingdoms are 1. Monera 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia
15. On what basis were the organisms classified into 5 kingdoms?
a. cell structure 2. mode of nutrition 3. body organization.
16. Name the subgroups at various levels of classification.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
17. Which are the two divisions of Monera introduced by Woes?
Archaebacteria and eubacteria
18. Define species.
Species is a group of similar organisms which can naturally interbreed.
19. Which organisms are called primitive and how are they different from the so called advanced ones?
Primitive organisms have ancient body designs that have not changed much.
Primitive organisms have simple structure. Advanced ones are complex in their structure and body organization.
20) What are the features of Monera? Give examples.
Ans. a) Monera do not have a defined nucleus or organelles. (They are prokaryotic)
b) They do not have multicellular body design
c) Some have cell walls while others do not have them
d) Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic (eg. Bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, mycoplasma)
21) What are the features of protista? Give examples
Ans.These organisms are unicellular and eukaryotic.
b) Some of them use cilia or flagella for movement.
c) Nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Eg. Diatoms and protozoa.
22) What are fungi? Give examples.
Ans. a) Fungi are eukaryotic organisms.
b) Their mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.
c) They use decaying organic material for food and are called saprophytes.
d) They have tough cell walls made of tough complex sugars called chitin.
e) Some have the capacity to become multicellular organisms
eg) yeast, penicillium, aspargillus, mushrooms
23) What is symbiosis? What are lichens?
Ans. Symbiosis is a permanent mutually dependent relationship between two organisms. Lichens are symbiotic life forms. The mutually dependent and benefiting relationship is between algae and fungi.
24) What is the criterion for classification of organisms as belonging to kingdom monera or protista?
Ans. The criterion is whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Monera are prokaryotic and protista are eukaryotic.
25) What are the main features of kingdom plantae and animalia?
Ans. Plantae are multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls. They are autotrophs and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Animalia are multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls. They are heterotrophic.
27) What are the three levels in the classification of plantae?
Ans. The first level is whether the plant has well–differentiated distinct components (roots, stems and leaves). The next level is whether they have specialized tissues for the transport of water and minerals. The third level is the ability to bear seeds and then whether the seeds are enclosed in fruits or not.
29) Which division among the plants has the simplest organisms?
Ans. Thallophyta
30) How are pteridophytes different from phanerogams?
Ans. Pteridophytes do not produce seeds whereas phanerogams produce seeds.
31) What are the features of thallophyta?
Ans. Plants in this group, commonly called algae, do not have well-differentiated body design. They are predominantly aquatic. Eg. Spirogyra, ulothrix, chara and ulva
32) What are the features of bryophyta?
Ans. The plant body is differentiated into stem-like and leaf-like parts. There is no specialized tissue for conduction of water and other substances. Eg. Moss (Funeria), Marchantia, Riccia
33) What are the features of pteridophytes?
Ans. The plant body is differentiated into stem, root and leaf. They have specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances. They do not produce flowers or seeds. Eg. Ferns
34) What are cryptogams?
Ans. Cryptogams are plants with hidden reproductive organs. Thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes produce only spores. Their reproductive organs are very inconspicuous.
35) What are phanerogams?
Ans. Phanerogams have well-differentiated reproductive tissues that produce seeds. Seeds contain the embryo and stored food.
36) What is the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Ans. Gmynosperms are naked seeded plants. Ie, Their seeds are not enclosed in fruits. Eg. Pinus, cycas. In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed in fruits. Eg, mango
37) Why are cotyledons called seed leaves?
Ans. Cotyledons are called seed leaves because, in many instances, they emerge and become green when the seed germinates.
38) What are the two divisions of angiosperms?
Ans. Angiosperms are divided into two groups depending on the number of cotyledons present in the seed. Seeds having one cotyledon are called monocots. Eg, wheat, maize. Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicots. Eg, peas, ipomoea
39) Write four important features of organisms belonging to kingdom animalia.
Ans. These organisms are (a) eukaryotic, (b) multicellular and (c) heterotrophic. Their cells (d) do not have cell walls.
40) What are the special features of organisms in porifera?
Ans. Porifera are non-motile organisms attached to some solid support. They have holes or pores all over the body (hence porifera). These holes lead to a canal system to circulate water through the body for bringing food and oxygen. They have a hard outside layer or skeleton. Body design shows very minimal division into tissues. They are commonly called sponges. Eg. Sycon, spongilla.
41) What are coelenterates?
Ans. Coelenterates are aquatic organisms. There is a body cavity. The body is made of two layers of cells. One layer on the outside of the body and the other layer makes the inner lining of the body. Some are solitary like hydra, and some are colonial (eg. corals). Jellyfish and sea anemones are other examples.
42) What are the features of platyhelminthes?
Ans. The body is dorsiventrally flattened. Thus, these organisms are called flatworms. The body is bilaterally symmetrical, meaning that the left and right halves of the body have the same design. They are triploblastic. Ie, they have three layers of cells from which differentiated tissues can be made. There is no true internal body cavity. They may be free living (eg. Planaria) or parasitic (eg. Tapeworm, River Fluke)
43) How are nematodes different from platyhelminthes? Give examples of nematodes.
Ans. Nematodes are also bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. However, their body is cylindrical rather than flattened as in platyhelminthes. A pseudo-coelom is present. Eg. Filarial worm, round worm, pinworm.
44) Compare annelida and arthropoda.
Ans. Annelids and arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented. They have true body cavities. Arthropods have jointed legs and open circulatory systems.
45) From the following list of animals, identify annelids and arthropods: Housefly, leech, cockroach, spider, crab, earthworm, scorpion, prawn, butterfly, nereis, and centipede.
Ans. Annelida: Leech, Earthworm, Nereis.
Arthropoda: Housefly, Cockroach, Spider, Crab, Scorpion, Prawn, Butterfly, Centipede.
46) What are the special features of mollusca.
Ans. The animals are bilaterally symmetrical. The coelomic cavity is reduced and there is little segmentation. They have open circulatory systems and kidney-like organs for excretion. There is a foot for moving around. Eg. Snails, mussels.
47) What is the meaning of echinodermata.
Ans. Echinodermata are spiny-skinned organisms (echinos-hedgehog; derma-skin).
48) What are the features of echinodermata?
Ans. 1) Spiny skinned organisms
2) Triploblastic
3) Have coelomic cavity.
4) Have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as exo-skeleton. Eg. Starfish, sea urchin.
49) What is new in the body design of protochordata?
Ans. They have a notochord (at least at some stage in life).
50) What is a notochord?
Ans. Notochord is a rod-like support structure that runs along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut. It provides place for attachment of muscles for ease of movement. Eg. Balanoglossus.
51) Which are the five classes of vertebrata?
Ans. (a) Pisces (b) Amphibia (c) Reptilia (d) Aves (e) Mammalia
52) What are the features of class Pisces?
Ans. 1. aquatic
2. Skin covered with scales or plates
3. Respire using gills.
4. Body is streamlined.
5. Movement with fins
6. Cold blooded.
7. Heart has only two chambers.
8. Egg-laying.
53) How do amphibians differ from fish?
Ans. Amphibians do not have scales on the skin. They have mucous glands in the skin. Respiration is through the gills and lungs. They can live on land and in water. Their heart is three-chambered. Eg. Frog, toad, salamander.
54) What are the features common to Pisces and Amphibia?
Ans. They are both cold-blooded and egg-laying.
55) What are the features of reptiles?
Ans. Reptiles are cold-blooded, have scales on the skin, breathe through lungs and lay eggs. The eggs have tough coverings and reptiles do not need to lay eggs in water like amphibians. They have a three-chambered heart. Eg. Snakes, turtles, lizards.
56) Name the reptile with a four-chambered heart.
Ans. Crocodile
57) What are the special features of Aves?
Ans. Birds have a body covering of feathers. The two forelimbs are modified as wings for flight. They breathe through lungs. They have beaks. They are warm-blooded and have a four-chambered heart. They lay eggs.
58) What are the differences between animals belonging to Aves and Mammals?
Ans. Birds have a body covering of feathers. Mammal skin has hair, sweat glands and oil glands. Most of the mammals give birth to young ones. All birds lay eggs. Mammals have external ears. Mammals have mammary glands for producing milk to feed their young ones. Their forelimbs are not modified as wings.
59) Name two egg-laying mammals.
Ans. Echidna, Platypus.
60) Name an animal that gives birth to poorly developed young ones and nurtures them into full development after birth.
Ans. Kangaroo
61) What is binomial nomenclature and who introduced it?
Ans. The scientific naming of an organism with its genus name and species name is called binomial nomenclature. Carolus Linnaeus introduced this nomenclature.
62) What are the conventions followed in writing a scientific name?
Ans. a) The name of the genus begins with a capital letter. b) The name of the species begins with a small letter. c) When printed, the scientific name is given in italics. d) When written by hand, the genus name and species name have to be underlined separately.
FAQs on Short Questions : Diversity in Living Organisms Notes - Class 9
| 1. What is diversity in living organisms? |  |
Ans. Diversity in living organisms refers to the variety of different species of living organisms present on earth. It includes the differences in their morphology, anatomy, physiology, behavior, and genetic makeup.
| 2. Why is the study of diversity in living organisms important? | |
Ans. The study of diversity in living organisms is important because it helps us understand the evolutionary history of life on earth. It also helps us understand the interdependence of different living organisms and their role in maintaining the balance of nature. Additionally, it has practical applications in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
| 3. What are the different levels of classification of living organisms? | |
Ans. Living organisms are classified into different levels, namely species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain. Species is the basic unit of classification, and organisms that share common characteristics are grouped together into higher categories.
| 4. What is binomial nomenclature? | |
Ans. Binomial nomenclature is a system of naming living organisms using two words, the genus name and the species name. It was developed by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century and is still used today as the standard method of naming living organisms.
| 5. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? | |
Ans. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells. They lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles and have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, are larger and more complex. They have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles and their DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells are found in all multicellular organisms, while prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and archaea.
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