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Cheat Sheet: Particulate Nature Of Matter
1. Particulate Nature of Matter
1.1 Key Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that has mass and occupies space. |
| Constituent particles | Tiny basic building blocks of matter; invisible to the naked eye. |
| Particle (scientific meaning) | Constituent unit such as an atom or molecule; much smaller than dust or sand grains. |
| Interparticle forces of attraction | Attractive forces between constituent particles. |
| Interparticle spacing | Distance between particles; minimum in solids, greater in liquids, maximum in gases. |
| Solid state | Particles packed tightly with very strong interparticle attractions; particles vibrate about fixed positions; fixed shape and fixed volume. |
| Liquid state | Particles less tightly packed than solids with weaker attractions; particles move past each other; fixed volume and no fixed shape. |
| Gaseous state | Particles very far apart with almost zero interparticle attractions; particles move freely; no fixed shape or fixed volume. |
| Fixed shape | Property of maintaining form; characteristic of solids. |
| Fixed volume | Property of occupying a definite amount of space; characteristic of solids and liquids. |
| Physical change | Change in which no new substance is formed; only size or form changes. |
| Melting point | Minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure. |
| Boiling point | Specific temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into vapor under atmospheric pressure. |
| Boiling | Rapid vapor formation at the boiling point; occurs at the surface and within the liquid; visible as bubbles. |
| Evaporation | Slower vapor formation occurring only at the liquid's surface and at all temperatures. |
| Particle movement | Particles are always in motion; motion increases with thermal energy. |
| Thermal energy | Heat energy of particles that determines their movement and separation. |
| Interparticle attractions depend on | Closeness of particles and the nature of the substance. |
1.2 Classification
- Solids
- Liquids
- Gases
2. States, Processes & Interactions
2.1 Factors deciding physical state
- Physical state depends on strength of interparticle attractions and distance between particles.
2.2 Heating and phase changes
- Heating increases particle motion and separation, weakening interparticle attractions.
- Melting occurs when increased vibrations allow particles to leave fixed positions and the solid converts to liquid.
2.3 Compression and dissolution
- Gases are easily compressible because large gaps exist between particles; liquids are almost incompressible because their gaps are small.
- When a substance dissolves, its constituent particles spread among solvent particles and occupy interparticle spaces; insoluble solids do not occupy these spaces and retain their own volume.
2.4 Applications
- Soap molecules have two ends: one end binds oily stains and the other end mixes with water, enabling oil removal by washing.
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