CBSE Class 8 > Class 8 Notes > Science Curiosity - New NCERT > Cheat Sheet: The Amazing World Of Solutes Solvents And Solutions
Cheat Sheet: The Amazing World Of Solutes Solvents And Solutions
1. Solutions, Solutes, Solvents
1.1 Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Solution | A uniform (homogeneous) mixture with components evenly distributed and not separately visible. |
| Solute | The substance that dissolves in the solvent and is usually present in smaller amount. |
| Solvent | The substance that dissolves the solute and is usually present in larger amount; determines the state of the solution. |
| Basic formula | Solute + Solvent = Solution |
1.2 Types of solutions
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Solid in liquid | Solid solute dissolves in liquid solvent. |
| Liquid in liquid | Component in smaller amount = solute; component in larger amount = solvent. |
| Gas in gas (gaseous solution) | Gas mixture in which the major component acts as solvent (air: nitrogen ~78%). |
2. Solubility and Concentration
2.1 Key definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Solubility | Maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a fixed quantity of solvent at a given temperature. |
| Saturated solution | A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a particular temperature and excess settles. |
| Unsaturated solution | A solution that can dissolve more solute at the given temperature. |
| Concentration | Amount of solute present in a fixed quantity of solution or solvent. |
| Dilute solution | A solution with a relatively small amount of solute. |
| Concentrated solution | A solution with a relatively large amount of solute. |
2.2 Effect of temperature on solubility
- Solubility of most solid solutes in liquids increases with rising temperature.
- Heating a saturated solution can make it unsaturated, allowing more solute to dissolve.
- Solubility of gases in liquids generally decreases as temperature increases.
3. Solubility of Gases and Aquatic Life
3.1 Gas solubility and nature
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Oxygen in water | Oxygen dissolves only to a small extent in water. |
| Importance | Dissolved oxygen sustains aquatic organisms. |
| Mixture nature | Gases dissolved in liquids form a homogeneous solution. |
3.2 Temperature effect on gas solubility
- Higher temperature decreases solubility of gases in liquids.
- Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water.
4. Measurement: Mass and Volume
4.1 Mass
| Term | Definition / Instrument |
|---|---|
| Mass | Quantity of matter present in an object. |
| Balance | Instrument used to measure mass. |
| Digital balance | Shows mass readings directly. |
| Tare (zero) concept | Resetting the balance to ignore container mass. |
4.2 Volume
| Term | Definition / Detail |
|---|---|
| Volume | Space occupied by an object or substance. |
| SI unit of volume | Cubic metre (m³). |
| Common smaller units | Decimetre cube (dm³), centimetre cube (cm³), litre (L), millilitre (mL). |
| Unit equivalence | 1 mL = 1 cm³; 1 L = 1 dm³. |
| Measuring cylinder | Transparent cylindrical container with volume markings for liquids. |
| Cylinder sizes | Examples: 5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 250 mL. |
| Meniscus reading | Read bottom of meniscus for water and colourless liquids; read top for coloured liquids. |
4.3 Volume of solids
| Type | Method / Formula |
|---|---|
| Regular solids | Volume = length × width × height (V = l × w × h). |
| Irregular solids | Volume by water displacement: Volume = final liquid level - initial liquid level. |
5. Density
5.1 Definition, formula and units
| Term | Definition / Expression |
|---|---|
| Density | Mass per unit volume of a substance. |
| Formula | Density = Mass / Volume. |
| SI unit | Kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m³). |
| Other units | Gram per millilitre (g/mL) and gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm³). |
| Conversion factor | 1 kg/m³ = 1000 g/m³ = 1 g/L = 1 g/1000 mL = 1 g/1000 cm³. |
| Independence | Density is independent of shape and size. |
| Dependence | Density depends on temperature and pressure. |
5.2 Relative density and examples
| Term | Definition / Value |
|---|---|
| Relative density | Ratio of density of a substance to density of water at that temperature (unitless). |
| Relative density formula | Relative density = Density of substance / Density of water. |
| Water density | 1 g/cm³ (approximate reference value at room conditions). |
| Oil density (given) | 0.91 g/cm³. |
5.3 Effects of temperature and pressure on density
| Condition | Effect |
|---|---|
| Heating | Volume increases while mass remains same; density decreases. |
| Cooling | Volume decreases while mass remains same; density increases. |
| Pressure on gases | Increasing pressure reduces volume and increases density. |
| Pressure on liquids | Pressure has small effect because liquids are nearly incompressible. |
| Pressure on solids | Pressure effect is negligible for solids. |
5.4 Floating and ice
| Phenomenon | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Floating or sinking | Determined by relative density of object and liquid. |
| Water maximum density | Water has highest density at 4 °C. |
| Ice floating | Freezing causes expansion and lower density; ice floats on water. |
6. Practical Notes and Applications
6.1 Measuring practice
| Topic | Key point |
|---|---|
| Choosing cylinder size | Select cylinder nearest to required volume for accuracy. |
| Division calculation | Smallest division = (difference between major marks) ÷ (number of smaller divisions). |
| Accuracy | Smaller measuring cylinders provide greater accuracy for small volumes. |
6.2 Traditional solvents and scientist
| Topic | Detail |
|---|---|
| Traditional solvents | Water, hydro-alcoholic mixtures, oils, ghee and milk used in medicinal formulations. |
| Asima Chatterjee | Worked on medicinal plants and extraction using solvents. |
| Asima Chatterjee achievements | Developed anti-epileptic and anti-malarial drugs; earned Doctorate of Science; first woman to receive Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in chemical science; awarded Padma Bhushan. |
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