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Short Notes The Living World - Short Notes for NEET
Characteristics of Living Organisms
- Growth: Increase in mass and number of cells (internal in animals, throughout life in plants)
- Reproduction: Biological process producing offspring (exception: mules, worker bees are sterile but living)
- Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions (anabolism + catabolism); isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are non-living
- Cellular organization: All living organisms are made of cells (exception: viruses)
- Consciousness: Ability to sense and respond to environmental stimuli; most defining feature
Biodiversity
- Total number of species: ~7-10 million (1.5 million documented)
- Plants: ~3,00,000 species; Animals: ~7-10 million (insects dominate)
- India: Mega biodiversity nation (~45,000 plant species, ~90,000 animal species)
Taxonomy & Systematics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Taxonomy | Science of identification, nomenclature, and classification |
| Systematics | Study of diversity and evolutionary relationships (includes taxonomy + phylogeny) |
| Taxon | Unit of classification at any level (e.g., insects, mammals) |
| Species | Group of individuals with fundamental similarities; basic unit of classification |
Taxonomical Hierarchy (Obligate Categories)
- Kingdom → Phylum/Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
- Example: Human - Animalia → Chordata → Mammalia → Primata → Hominidae → Homo → sapiens
- Intermediate categories: Sub-kingdom, sub-phylum, super-class, sub-order, tribe, sub-species
Binomial Nomenclature
- Proposed by Carolus Linnaeus
- Two-word naming: Genus species (e.g., Mangifera indica)
- Rules:
- Genus name starts with capital letter; species name with small letter
- Printed in italics; handwritten - underlined separately
- Author's name (abbreviated) can be added: Mangifera indica Linn.
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FAQs on Short Notes The Living World - Short Notes for NEET
| 1. What is the definition of biodiversity? |  |
Ans. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, encompassing the diversity of species, genetic variation within species, and the ecosystems they form. It is vital for the stability and resilience of ecosystems.
| 2. How do organisms adapt to their environment? | |
Ans. Organisms adapt to their environment through evolutionary processes, which involve changes in their physical or behavioural traits that enhance survival and reproduction in specific habitats. This can occur over many generations through natural selection.
| 3. What are the main components of a cell? | |
Ans. The main components of a cell include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Each component plays a crucial role in cellular functions and processes.
| 4. What is the significance of the cell theory? | |
Ans. The cell theory is significant as it establishes that all living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of life. It also states that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, highlighting the continuity of life and the importance of cellular processes.
| 5. What role do enzymes play in biological reactions? | |
Ans. Enzymes act as catalysts in biological reactions, speeding up the rate of reactions without being consumed in the process. They lower the activation energy required for reactions, allowing metabolic processes to occur efficiently under physiological conditions.
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