NEET Exam > NEET Notes > Short Notes > Short Notes Structural Organisation in Animals - Short Notes for NEET
Short Notes Structural Organisation in Animals - Short Notes for NEET
Epithelial Tissue
| Type | Structure | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Squamous | Single layer, flat cells | Blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli, Bowman's capsule | Diffusion, filtration |
| Simple Cuboidal | Single layer, cube-shaped | Kidney tubules, salivary ducts, thyroid | Secretion, absorption |
| Simple Columnar | Single layer, tall pillar-like | Stomach, intestine, gallbladder | Secretion, absorption |
| Ciliated Columnar | Columnar with cilia | Respiratory tract, fallopian tubes | Movement of particles |
| Stratified Squamous | Multiple layers, outer flat | Skin (keratinized), mouth, esophagus (non-keratinized) | Protection |
| Stratified Cuboidal | 2-3 layers, cube-shaped | Sweat glands, salivary glands | Secretion, protection |
| Stratified Columnar | Multiple layers, columnar | Pharynx, male urethra | Protection, secretion |
| Transitional | Stratified, shape changes | Urinary bladder | Distension |
| Glandular Epithelium | Modified for secretion | Glands | Secretion |
Connective Tissue
Types of Connective Tissue
| Type | Cells | Matrix | Location/Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Areolar (Loose) | Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells | Collagen + elastic fibers, semi-fluid | Between organs, under skin - support, repair |
| Adipose | Adipocytes (fat cells) | Minimal matrix | Under skin, around organs - insulation, energy storage |
| Dense Regular | Fibroblasts | Parallel collagen fibers | Tendons, ligaments - strength in one direction |
| Dense Irregular | Fibroblasts | Irregular collagen fibers | Dermis of skin - strength in multiple directions |
| Cartilage | |||
| • Hyaline | Chondrocytes in lacunae | Solid, glassy matrix | Nose, trachea, ribs - flexibility, smooth surface |
| • Elastic | Chondrocytes | Elastic fibers | External ear, epiglottis - flexibility |
| • Fibrous | Chondrocytes | Dense collagen | Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis - support |
| Bone (Osseous) | Osteocytes in lacunae | Hard matrix with Ca, P salts; Haversian system | Skeleton - support, protection, movement |
| Blood | RBC, WBC, Platelets | Fluid plasma | Circulatory system - transport |
| Lymph | Lymphocytes | Plasma without some proteins | Lymphatic system - immunity, drainage |
Muscular Tissue
| Type | Structure | Control | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skeletal/Striated | Long, cylindrical, multinucleated, striations (light & dark bands) | Voluntary | Attached to bones | Body movement, posture |
| Smooth/Non-striated/Visceral | Spindle-shaped, uninucleated, no striations | Involuntary | Hollow organs (intestine, blood vessels, uterus) | Peristalsis, vasoconstriction |
| Cardiac | Branched, uninucleated, striations, intercalated discs | Involuntary | Heart | Heart contraction (pumping) |
Neural Tissue
- Neurons: Functional units
- Cell body (Soma): Contains nucleus
- Dendrites: Receive signals
- Axon: Transmits impulses (covered by myelin sheath)
- Synapse: Junction between neurons
- Neuroglia (Glial cells): Supporting cells, more numerous than neurons
- Types of neurons:
- Sensory (Afferent): Carry impulses to CNS
- Motor (Efferent): Carry impulses from CNS to effectors
- Interneurons (Association): Connect sensory and motor neurons
External Morphology of Frog
- Habitat: Amphibian (water and land)
- Body divisions: Head + trunk (no neck, tail)
- Skin: Moist, smooth, glandular (mucus glands), slippery
- Coloration: Dorsal - olive green with dark spots; Ventral - pale yellow
- Eyes: Bulged, with nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid)
- Tympanum: Circular membrane behind eyes (hearing)
- Forelimbs: Short, 4 digits, no webbing
- Hindlimbs: Long, muscular, 5 digits with webbed feet (swimming)
- Sexual dimorphism:
- Male: Vocal sacs, copulatory/nuptial pads on first digit of forelimb
- Female: Larger, no vocal sacs
Digestive System of Frog
- Alimentary canal:
- Mouth: Wide, maxillary and vomerine teeth (only upper jaw), sticky tongue (bilobed, free at back)
- Buccal cavity: Opens into pharynx, internal nares, Eustachian tube openings
- Esophagus: Short, muscular
- Stomach: J-shaped, muscular
- Small intestine: Duodenum, ileum (coiled)
- Large intestine: Short, opens into cloaca
- Cloaca: Common chamber for digestive, urinary, reproductive systems
- Digestive glands:
- Liver: 3-lobed, produces bile (stored in gall bladder)
- Pancreas: Irregular, produces pancreatic juice
- Function: Carnivorous (insects, worms); ingestion → digestion → absorption → egestion
Respiratory System of Frog
- Types of respiration:
- Cutaneous: Through moist skin (on land and water)
- Bucco-pharyngeal: Through buccal cavity lining (on land)
- Pulmonary: Through lungs (on land)
- Lungs: Pair of elongated, pink, sac-like organs; thin-walled, highly vascularized
- No diaphragm: Breathing by lowering and raising buccal cavity floor
Circulatory System of Frog
- Type: Closed, double circulation (incomplete)
- Heart:3-chambered (2 atria + 1 ventricle), covered by pericardium
- Sinus venosus: Receives deoxygenated blood from body
- Right atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood
- Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from lungs/skin
- Ventricle: Single, pumps mixed blood
- Truncus arteriosus: Divides blood to lungs and body
- Blood: Plasma + RBCs (nucleated, oval) + WBCs + Platelets
- Hepatic portal system: Present (from intestine to liver)
- Renal portal system: Present (from hindlimbs to kidneys)
- Lymphatic system: Present with lymph hearts
Excretory System of Frog
- Type:Ureotelic (excrete urea)
- Kidneys: Pair of dark red, elongated, mesonephric kidneys
- Ureters: Emerge from kidneys, open into cloaca
- Urinary bladder: Thin-walled, bilobed, opens into cloaca
- Functional unit:Nephron (Malpighian corpuscle + tubules)
- Additional excretory organs: Skin, lungs, liver
Nervous System of Frog
- Central Nervous System (CNS):
- Brain:Protected by skull, enclosed by meninges
- Forebrain: Olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres (paired), diencephalon (pineal body)
- Midbrain: Optic lobes (paired, large)
- Hindbrain: Cerebellum (small), medulla oblongata
- Spinal cord: Enclosed in vertebral column
- Brain:Protected by skull, enclosed by meninges
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
- Cranial nerves: 10 pairs
- Spinal nerves: 10 pairs
- Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and parasympathetic
- Sense organs: Eyes, ears (tympanum + internal ear), nose, taste buds, touch receptors in skin
Male Reproductive System of Frog
- Testes: Pair of yellowish, ovoid organs attached to kidneys by mesorchium
- Vasa efferentia: Connect testes to kidneys
- Urinogenital duct: Ureter acts as sperm duct, opens into cloaca
- Cloaca: Opens outside by cloacal aperture
- No copulatory organ: External fertilization
Female Reproductive System of Frog
- Ovaries: Pair of large, lobulated, near kidneys
- Oviducts: Paired, long, coiled, open into cloaca independently
- Cloaca: Opens outside by cloacal aperture
- No separate genital opening
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FAQs on Short Notes Structural Organisation in Animals - Short Notes for NEET
| 1. What is the basic structural organisation in animals? |  |
Ans. The basic structural organisation in animals is organised into several levels, including cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the fundamental units of life, which group together to form tissues. Different tissues then combine to create organs, and these organs work together as systems to perform complex functions necessary for survival.
| 2. What are the different types of animal tissues? | |
Ans. Animal tissues are classified into four main types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities, connective tissue supports and binds other tissues, muscle tissue enables movement, and nervous tissue facilitates communication through electrical impulses.
| 3. How do organs and organ systems function in animals? | |
Ans. Organs are specialised structures composed of different types of tissues that perform specific functions. Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to carry out complex processes. For instance, the digestive system includes organs like the stomach and intestines that work together to break down food and absorb nutrients, demonstrating how organs and systems collaborate to maintain homeostasis.
| 4. What is the significance of the cellular level in animal organisation? | |
Ans. The cellular level is significant as it serves as the foundation for all higher levels of organisation in animals. Each cell type has specialised functions that contribute to the overall health and functioning of the organism. This level of organisation is crucial for processes such as metabolism, growth, and response to environmental stimuli.
| 5. How does the structure of epithelial tissue differ from that of connective tissue? | |
Ans. Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, forming protective barriers and surfaces, while connective tissue consists of a diverse range of cells embedded in an abundant extracellular matrix, which provides support, binding, and transportation of substances within the body. This structural difference reflects their distinct functions within the animal body.
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