CBSE Class 10 > Class 10 Notes > English Grammar Basic > Cheatsheet: Transformation of Sentences
Cheatsheet: Transformation of Sentences
1. Affirmative to Negative
1.1 Basic Rules
| Affirmative | Negative |
|---|---|
| He is happy. | He is not unhappy. |
| She always comes late. | She never comes early. |
| They are rich. | They are not poor. |
| I like apples. | I do not dislike apples. |
1.2 Using Not
- Add 'not' after helping verbs (is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, will, shall, can, could, may, might, should, would)
- Use 'do not' or 'does not' with main verbs in present tense
- Use 'did not' with main verbs in past tense
1.3 Common Word Changes
| Affirmative Word | Negative Word |
|---|---|
| always | never |
| both | neither |
| and | nor |
| some | no/none |
| everybody | nobody |
| everything | nothing |
2. Negative to Affirmative
2.1 Removing 'Not'
| Negative | Affirmative |
|---|---|
| He is not happy. | He is sad/unhappy. |
| She does not like tea. | She dislikes tea. |
| I cannot do this. | I am unable to do this. |
| They are not present. | They are absent. |
2.2 Word Substitutions
| Negative Word | Affirmative Word |
|---|---|
| never | always |
| nobody | everybody |
| nothing | everything |
| nowhere | everywhere |
| neither | both |
3. Assertive to Interrogative
3.1 Using Helping Verbs
| Assertive | Interrogative |
|---|---|
| She is a teacher. | Is she a teacher? |
| They were playing. | Were they playing? |
| He can swim. | Can he swim? |
| You have finished. | Have you finished? |
3.2 Using Do/Does/Did
| Assertive | Interrogative |
|---|---|
| She likes ice cream. | Does she like ice cream? |
| They play football. | Do they play football? |
| He went home. | Did he go home? |
3.3 Rhetorical Questions
| Assertive | Interrogative |
|---|---|
| Nobody can solve this. | Who can solve this? |
| There is nothing to fear. | What is there to fear? |
| Everybody knows this. | Who does not know this? |
4. Interrogative to Assertive
4.1 Yes/No Questions
| Interrogative | Assertive |
|---|---|
| Is he your brother? | He is your brother. |
| Can you help me? | You can help me. |
| Did they arrive? | They arrived. |
| Does she sing well? | She sings well. |
4.2 Wh-Questions
- Remove the question word
- Change the word order back to subject-verb
- Use appropriate words to complete the meaning
4.3 Rhetorical Questions
| Interrogative | Assertive |
|---|---|
| Who does not want success? | Everyone wants success. |
| What is there to fear? | There is nothing to fear. |
| Who can do this? | Nobody can do this. |
5. Exclamatory to Assertive
5.1 Removing Exclamation
| Exclamatory | Assertive |
|---|---|
| What a beautiful flower! | It is a very beautiful flower. |
| How sweet the mango is! | The mango is very sweet. |
| What a fool I am! | I am a great fool. |
| How nice of you! | You are very nice. |
5.2 Key Changes
- Remove 'What a' or 'How' from the beginning
- Add 'very', 'great', or 'extremely' to show intensity
- Rearrange word order to subject-verb-object
- Change exclamation mark to period
6. Assertive to Exclamatory
6.1 Using What
| Assertive | Exclamatory |
|---|---|
| She is a very beautiful girl. | What a beautiful girl she is! |
| It is a very big house. | What a big house it is! |
| He made a great mistake. | What a great mistake he made! |
6.2 Using How
| Assertive | Exclamatory |
|---|---|
| The bird is very beautiful. | How beautiful the bird is! |
| She sings very sweetly. | How sweetly she sings! |
| He is very clever. | How clever he is! |
6.3 Rules
- Use 'What a/an' before noun phrases
- Use 'How' before adjectives or adverbs
- Remove 'very', 'great', 'extremely'
- End with exclamation mark
7. Simple to Compound
7.1 Using Coordinating Conjunctions
| Simple | Compound |
|---|---|
| Being tired, he rested. | He was tired, so he rested. |
| He finished his work and went home. | He finished his work, and he went home. |
| Besides being rich, he is kind. | He is rich, and he is kind. |
7.2 Coordinating Conjunctions
- and (addition)
- but (contrast)
- or (choice)
- so (result)
- for (reason)
- nor (negative addition)
- yet (contrast)
8. Compound to Simple
8.1 Removing Conjunctions
| Compound | Simple |
|---|---|
| He is poor, but he is honest. | In spite of being poor, he is honest. |
| Work hard, or you will fail. | Without working hard, you will fail. |
| He saw a snake, and he ran away. | Seeing a snake, he ran away. |
8.2 Methods
- Use participles (seeing, being, having)
- Use infinitives (to + verb)
- Use phrases (in spite of, because of, without)
- Combine into single clause
9. Simple to Complex
9.1 Using Subordinating Conjunctions
| Simple | Complex |
|---|---|
| On seeing the tiger, he ran. | When he saw the tiger, he ran. |
| In spite of being rich, he is unhappy. | Though he is rich, he is unhappy. |
| I know his name. | I know what his name is. |
9.2 Common Subordinating Conjunctions
- when, while, as (time)
- because, since, as (reason)
- though, although, even though (contrast)
- if, unless (condition)
- so that (purpose)
- that, what, which, who (noun clauses)
10. Complex to Simple
10.1 Removing Subordinate Clauses
| Complex | Simple |
|---|---|
| When he saw me, he smiled. | On seeing me, he smiled. |
| Though he is poor, he is happy. | In spite of his poverty, he is happy. |
| I know that he is honest. | I know his honesty. |
10.2 Conversion Methods
- Change clause to phrase
- Use participles instead of subordinate clauses
- Convert nouns from clauses
- Use prepositions with gerunds or nouns
11. Active to Passive Voice
11.1 Basic Structure
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| She writes a letter. | A letter is written by her. |
| He painted the wall. | The wall was painted by him. |
| They will help us. | We will be helped by them. |
| I am eating an apple. | An apple is being eaten by me. |
11.2 Steps
- Object of active becomes subject of passive
- Use appropriate form of 'be' + past participle
- Subject of active becomes 'by + object' in passive
- Keep the same tense
12. Passive to Active Voice
12.1 Conversion
| Passive | Active |
|---|---|
| The book is read by him. | He reads the book. |
| The match was won by our team. | Our team won the match. |
| The work will be done by me. | I will do the work. |
12.2 Steps
- Object in 'by' phrase becomes subject
- Remove form of 'be' and use main verb in correct tense
- Subject of passive becomes object of active
- Maintain the tense
13. Degrees of Comparison
13.1 Positive to Comparative
| Positive | Comparative |
|---|---|
| No other boy is as tall as Ram. | Ram is taller than any other boy. |
| She is as clever as her sister. | Her sister is not cleverer than her. |
13.2 Positive to Superlative
| Positive | Superlative |
|---|---|
| No other girl is as beautiful as Mary. | Mary is the most beautiful girl. |
| No other city is as big as Mumbai. | Mumbai is the biggest city. |
13.3 Comparative to Superlative
| Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|
| He is better than any other student. | He is the best student. |
| Gold is more precious than any other metal. | Gold is the most precious metal. |
14. Direct to Indirect Speech
14.1 Statement
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He said, "I am happy." | He said that he was happy. |
| She says, "I go to school." | She says that she goes to school. |
14.2 Question
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He said, "Are you ready?" | He asked if I was ready. |
| She said, "Where do you live?" | She asked where I lived. |
14.3 Command
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He said, "Go away." | He ordered to go away. |
| She said, "Please help me." | She requested to help her. |
14.4 Key Changes
- Remove quotation marks
- Change pronouns (I → he/she, you → I/we)
- Change tense (present → past, past → past perfect)
- Use 'that' for statements, 'if/whether' for yes/no questions
- Use 'asked', 'ordered', 'requested' as reporting verbs
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