Police Service Commission Exam Exam > Police Service Commission Exam Notes > General Knowledge for Police Exam Preparation (Nigeria) > Cheatsheet: Geography(World)
Cheatsheet: Geography(World)
1. Continents and Oceans
1.1 Seven Continents
| Continent | Key Facts |
|---|---|
| Asia | Largest continent (44.58 million km²); highest population (over 4.6 billion); contains Mount Everest (8,849m) |
| Africa | Second largest (30.37 million km²); 54 countries; Sahara Desert is world's largest hot desert |
| North America | Third largest (24.71 million km²); includes USA, Canada, Mexico; 23 countries |
| South America | Fourth largest (17.84 million km²); Amazon Rainforest; Andes Mountains (longest mountain range) |
| Antarctica | Fifth largest (14.20 million km²); coldest continent; no permanent population; 98% ice-covered |
| Europe | Sixth largest (10.18 million km²); 44 countries; highly developed economies |
| Australia/Oceania | Smallest continent (8.56 million km²); includes Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands |
1.2 Five Oceans
| Ocean | Details |
|---|---|
| Pacific Ocean | Largest and deepest (165.25 million km²); Mariana Trench (11,034m deep); covers 46% of Earth's water surface |
| Atlantic Ocean | Second largest (106.46 million km²); separates Americas from Europe and Africa |
| Indian Ocean | Third largest (70.56 million km²); warmest ocean; bounded by Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica |
| Southern Ocean | Fourth largest (20.33 million km²); surrounds Antarctica; recognized as distinct ocean in 2000 |
| Arctic Ocean | Smallest and shallowest (15.56 million km²); surrounds North Pole; mostly ice-covered |
2. Major Countries and Capitals
2.1 Africa
| Country | Capital |
|---|---|
| Nigeria | Abuja |
| Egypt | Cairo |
| South Africa | Pretoria (executive), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial) |
| Kenya | Nairobi |
| Ghana | Accra |
| Ethiopia | Addis Ababa |
| Algeria | Algiers |
| Morocco | Rabat |
2.2 Asia
| Country | Capital |
|---|---|
| China | Beijing |
| India | New Delhi |
| Japan | Tokyo |
| Saudi Arabia | Riyadh |
| Pakistan | Islamabad |
| Indonesia | Jakarta |
| Thailand | Bangkok |
| South Korea | Seoul |
2.3 Europe
| Country | Capital |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom | London |
| France | Paris |
| Germany | Berlin |
| Italy | Rome |
| Spain | Madrid |
| Russia | Moscow |
| Poland | Warsaw |
| Greece | Athens |
2.4 Americas
| Country | Capital |
|---|---|
| United States | Washington D.C. |
| Canada | Ottawa |
| Brazil | Brasília |
| Argentina | Buenos Aires |
| Mexico | Mexico City |
| Chile | Santiago |
| Jamaica | Kingston |
| Cuba | Havana |
2.5 Oceania
| Country | Capital |
|---|---|
| Australia | Canberra |
| New Zealand | Wellington |
| Papua New Guinea | Port Moresby |
| Fiji | Suva |
3. Physical Geography Features
3.1 Major Mountain Ranges
| Mountain Range | Location & Facts |
|---|---|
| Himalayas | Asia (Nepal, India, China, Bhutan); contains Mount Everest (8,849m - highest peak on Earth) |
| Andes | South America (Venezuela to Chile); longest continental mountain range (7,000km) |
| Rocky Mountains | North America (Canada to USA); over 4,800km long |
| Alps | Europe (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria); highest peak Mont Blanc (4,808m) |
| Atlas Mountains | North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia); 2,500km long |
| Ural Mountains | Russia; forms boundary between Europe and Asia |
3.2 Major Rivers
| River | Details |
|---|---|
| Nile | Africa (11 countries); 6,650km long; world's longest river; flows to Mediterranean Sea |
| Amazon | South America (Peru, Brazil); 6,400km; largest discharge volume; flows to Atlantic Ocean |
| Yangtze | China; 6,300km; longest river in Asia; flows to East China Sea |
| Mississippi-Missouri | USA; 6,275km; flows to Gulf of Mexico |
| Danube | Europe (10 countries); 2,850km; second longest European river; flows to Black Sea |
| Niger | West Africa (Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria); 4,180km; flows to Gulf of Guinea |
| Congo | Central Africa; 4,700km; deepest river in world; flows to Atlantic Ocean |
3.3 Major Deserts
| Desert | Location & Size |
|---|---|
| Sahara Desert | North Africa (11 countries); 9.2 million km²; largest hot desert; world's third largest desert |
| Arabian Desert | Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan); 2.3 million km² |
| Gobi Desert | China and Mongolia; 1.3 million km²; cold desert |
| Kalahari Desert | Southern Africa (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa); 900,000 km² |
| Antarctic Desert | Antarctica; 14.2 million km²; world's largest desert (cold desert) |
| Arctic Desert | Arctic region; 13.9 million km²; second largest desert (cold desert) |
3.4 Major Lakes
| Lake | Details |
|---|---|
| Caspian Sea | Asia/Europe border; 371,000 km²; world's largest lake by area; saltwater |
| Lake Superior | North America (USA/Canada); 82,100 km²; largest freshwater lake by area |
| Lake Victoria | East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania); 68,800 km²; Africa's largest lake |
| Lake Tanganyika | East Africa; 32,900 km²; world's second deepest lake (1,470m); longest freshwater lake |
| Lake Baikal | Russia; 31,500 km²; world's deepest lake (1,642m); oldest lake (25 million years) |
| Lake Chad | Central Africa (Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger); size varies; once Africa's largest lake |
4. Climate Zones and Regions
4.1 Major Climate Types
| Climate Zone | Characteristics & Locations |
|---|---|
| Tropical | Hot year-round; high rainfall; near equator (Amazon Basin, Congo Basin, Southeast Asia) |
| Arid/Desert | Very low rainfall; extreme temperatures; Sahara, Arabian, Australian deserts |
| Temperate | Moderate temperatures; four distinct seasons; Europe, eastern USA, parts of China |
| Continental | Cold winters, warm summers; large temperature range; interior North America, Russia |
| Polar | Extremely cold; ice-covered; Antarctica, Arctic regions |
| Mediterranean | Hot dry summers, mild wet winters; Mediterranean Sea region, California, parts of Australia |
4.2 Natural Vegetation Zones
- Tropical Rainforest: Amazon (South America), Congo Basin (Africa), Southeast Asia
- Savanna/Grassland: Sub-Saharan Africa, central South America, Australian interior
- Taiga/Boreal Forest: Northern Canada, Russia, Scandinavia
- Tundra: Arctic regions of North America, Europe, Asia
- Temperate Forest: Europe, eastern USA, eastern China, Japan
- Desert Scrub: Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, southwestern USA, central Australia
5. Time Zones and the International Date Line
5.1 Time Zone Basics
- Earth divided into 24 time zones (15° longitude each)
- Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is reference point (0° longitude)
- Prime Meridian: 0° longitude passes through Greenwich, London, UK
- Time increases eastward from Prime Meridian; decreases westward
- International Date Line: approximately 180° longitude; crossing it changes the date
5.2 Key Time Zone References
| Location | Time Zone (relative to GMT/UTC) |
|---|---|
| Nigeria | GMT+1 (West Africa Time - WAT) |
| United Kingdom | GMT+0 |
| New York, USA | GMT-5 (Eastern Standard Time) |
| Tokyo, Japan | GMT+9 |
| Sydney, Australia | GMT+10/+11 |
| Beijing, China | GMT+8 |
6. World Population and Demographics
6.1 Most Populous Countries (2023)
| Rank | Country |
|---|---|
| 1 | India (over 1.4 billion) |
| 2 | China (over 1.4 billion) |
| 3 | United States (over 330 million) |
| 4 | Indonesia (over 275 million) |
| 5 | Pakistan (over 230 million) |
| 6 | Brazil (over 215 million) |
| 7 | Nigeria (over 220 million) |
| 8 | Bangladesh (over 170 million) |
6.2 Major World Cities
| City | Country |
|---|---|
| Tokyo | Japan (world's largest metropolitan area) |
| Delhi | India |
| Shanghai | China |
| São Paulo | Brazil |
| Mexico City | Mexico |
| Cairo | Egypt (largest city in Africa) |
| Mumbai | India |
| Lagos | Nigeria (largest city in West Africa) |
7. Economic and Political Geography
7.1 G7 Countries
- United States
- United Kingdom
- France
- Germany
- Italy
- Canada
- Japan
7.2 BRICS Nations
- Brazil
- Russia
- India
- China
- South Africa
7.3 Major Regional Organizations
| Organization | Details |
|---|---|
| African Union (AU) | 55 member states; headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| European Union (EU) | 27 member states; headquarters in Brussels, Belgium |
| ECOWAS | Economic Community of West African States; 15 members including Nigeria |
| ASEAN | Association of Southeast Asian Nations; 10 member states |
| Arab League | 22 member states; headquarters in Cairo, Egypt |
7.4 Landlocked Countries (Examples)
- Africa: Chad, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
- Asia: Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Kazakhstan
- Europe: Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia
- South America: Bolivia, Paraguay
8. Important Geographic Lines and Coordinates
8.1 Latitude Lines
| Line | Location |
|---|---|
| Equator | 0° latitude; divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres |
| Tropic of Cancer | 23.5°N latitude; northern boundary of tropics |
| Tropic of Capricorn | 23.5°S latitude; southern boundary of tropics |
| Arctic Circle | 66.5°N latitude; marks start of Arctic region |
| Antarctic Circle | 66.5°S latitude; marks start of Antarctic region |
8.2 Longitude Lines
| Line | Location |
|---|---|
| Prime Meridian | 0° longitude; passes through Greenwich, London; divides Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres |
| International Date Line | Approximately 180° longitude; crossing eastward subtracts one day; crossing westward adds one day |
9. Natural Resources and Economic Geography
9.1 Major Oil-Producing Countries
- Saudi Arabia (Middle East - largest exporter)
- United States (North America)
- Russia (Europe/Asia)
- Canada (North America)
- Iraq (Middle East)
- United Arab Emirates (Middle East)
- Nigeria (Africa - largest African producer)
- Kuwait (Middle East)
9.2 Major Agricultural Regions
| Region/Country | Major Products |
|---|---|
| USA Great Plains | Wheat, corn, soybeans |
| Ukraine | Wheat, corn (breadbasket of Europe) |
| Brazil | Coffee, soybeans, sugarcane |
| West Africa | Cocoa, palm oil, cassava |
| Southeast Asia | Rice, rubber, palm oil |
| Argentina | Beef, wheat, soybeans |
9.3 Major Mineral Resources
- Gold: South Africa, Australia, China, Russia, USA
- Diamonds: Botswana, Russia, Congo, Australia, Canada
- Copper: Chile, Peru, China, Congo
- Iron Ore: Australia, Brazil, China, India
- Bauxite (Aluminum): Australia, Guinea, Brazil, Jamaica
10. Islands and Peninsulas
10.1 Major Islands
| Island | Location |
|---|---|
| Greenland | North Atlantic; world's largest island; territory of Denmark |
| New Guinea | Oceania; second largest; shared by Papua New Guinea and Indonesia |
| Borneo | Southeast Asia; third largest; shared by Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei |
| Madagascar | Indian Ocean; off east coast of Africa; fourth largest |
| Great Britain | North Atlantic; contains England, Scotland, Wales |
| Iceland | North Atlantic; between Europe and North America |
10.2 Major Peninsulas
| Peninsula | Location |
|---|---|
| Arabian Peninsula | Southwest Asia; includes Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAE; world's largest peninsula |
| Indian Peninsula | South Asia; contains most of India |
| Iberian Peninsula | Southwest Europe; contains Spain and Portugal |
| Italian Peninsula | Southern Europe; boot-shaped; contains Italy |
| Balkan Peninsula | Southeast Europe; includes Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, parts of Turkey |
| Scandinavian Peninsula | Northern Europe; contains Norway and Sweden |
11. Straits, Canals, and Waterways
11.1 Major Straits
| Strait | Connects/Separates |
|---|---|
| Strait of Gibraltar | Connects Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; separates Spain and Morocco |
| Strait of Hormuz | Connects Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman; between Iran and Oman; major oil shipping route |
| Bosphorus Strait | Connects Black Sea and Sea of Marmara; divides Europe and Asia in Turkey |
| Strait of Malacca | Between Malaysia and Indonesia; connects Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean |
| Bering Strait | Separates Russia and Alaska; connects Arctic Ocean and Pacific Ocean |
11.2 Major Canals
| Canal | Details |
|---|---|
| Suez Canal | Egypt; 193km; connects Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea; opened 1869 |
| Panama Canal | Panama; 82km; connects Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean; opened 1914 |
| Kiel Canal | Germany; connects North Sea and Baltic Sea |
12. World Heritage Sites and Landmarks
12.1 Famous Natural Landmarks
- Grand Canyon: Arizona, USA; carved by Colorado River
- Great Barrier Reef: Australia; world's largest coral reef system
- Victoria Falls: Zambia/Zimbabwe border; one of world's largest waterfalls
- Mount Kilimanjaro: Tanzania; 5,895m; Africa's highest mountain
- Niagara Falls: USA/Canada border; three waterfalls on Niagara River
- Angel Falls: Venezuela; world's highest uninterrupted waterfall (979m)
12.2 Famous Man-Made Landmarks
- Great Wall of China: China; over 21,000km long
- Pyramids of Giza: Egypt; includes Great Pyramid (one of Seven Wonders of Ancient World)
- Eiffel Tower: Paris, France; 330m tall; built 1889
- Statue of Liberty: New York, USA; gift from France; 93m tall
- Taj Mahal: Agra, India; white marble mausoleum; built 1632-1653
- Christ the Redeemer: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 38m tall statue
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Apr 20, 2026 Last updated
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