Q1: What is the main function of meristematic tissue in plants? (a) Transport of water and minerals (b) Storage of food materials (c) Continuous and rapid cell division for growth (d) Protection from water loss
Solution:
Ans: (c) Explanation: Meristematic tissue contains actively dividing cells that enable plant growth through continuous cell division, leading to increase in length, girth or regrowth after cutting.
Q2: Which component of xylem is the only living cell type? (a) Tracheids (b) Vessels (c) Xylem fibres (d) Xylem parenchyma
Solution:
Ans: (d) Explanation: Xylem parenchyma is the only living component of xylem tissue, while tracheids, vessels and xylem fibres are all dead, thick-walled cells providing strength and transport.
Q3: What type of joint allows movement in only one direction like bending and straightening? (a) Ball and socket joint (b) Hinge joint (c) Pivot joint (d) Fixed joint
Solution:
Ans: (b) Explanation: Hinge joints, such as the elbow and knee, allow movement in one direction only like a door hinge, enabling bending and straightening movements.
Q4: Which tissue connects muscle to bone and brings about movement? (a) Ligament (b) Tendon (c) Cartilage (d) Blood
Solution:
Ans: (b) Explanation: Tendons are tough connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, enabling movement when muscles contract and pull on the bones through these attachments.
Q5: Where is intercalary meristem located in plants? (a) At the tips of roots and shoots (b) At the base of the internode or just above the node (c) In a ring around the stem (d) In the outer protective layer
Solution:
Ans: (b) Explanation: Intercalary meristem is located at the base of the internode or just above the node, enabling regrowth after cutting, as seen in grass after mowing.
Fill in the Blanks
Q1: The waxy layer covering the epidermis that reduces water loss is called _____.
Solution:
Ans: cuticle
Q2: The phenomenon where mature plant cells regain the ability to divide and form an entire plant is called _____.
Solution:
Ans: totipotency
Q3: The fluid matrix of blood that contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets is called _____.
Solution:
Ans: plasma
Q4: The type of muscle tissue found only in the heart is called _____ muscle.
Solution:
Ans: cardiac
Q5: The cells of nervous tissue are called _____ or nerve cells.
Solution:
Ans: neurons
True or False
Q1: Meristematic cells have large vacuoles to store food materials.
Solution:
Ans: False Explanation: Meristematic cells have no vacuoles because vacuoles would use up space needed for continuous and rapid cell division processes.
Q2: Phloem tissue transports food materials mainly in the form of sugars from leaves to other parts.
Solution:
Ans: True Explanation: Phloem is the conducting tissue that transports food, mainly sugars, from leaves where photosynthesis occurs to other plant parts.
Q3: Epithelial tissue has many intercellular spaces to allow easy movement of substances.
Solution:
Ans: False Explanation: Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells with very little space between them to prevent entry of germs and reduce water loss.
Q4: The rib cage is joined to the spine at the back and sternum at the front by flexible cartilage.
Solution:
Ans: True Explanation: Ribs are connected to the backbone and sternum by flexible cartilage, which allows the rib cage to expand and contract during breathing.
Q5: Smooth muscle tissue is under voluntary control and shows striations.
Solution:
Ans: False Explanation: Smooth muscle is involuntary, not under conscious control, and has no striations. It is found in internal organs like stomach and intestines.
Match the Following
Column A
Column B
1. Apical meristem
A. Connects bone to bone and prevents dislocation
2. Sclerenchyma
B. Provides increase in length of roots and shoots
3. Companion cells
C. Dead cells with thick lignified walls providing strength
4. Ligament
D. Branch-like projections that receive signals from other neurons
5. Dendrites
E. Regulate cellular functions of sieve tubes in phloem
Solution:
Ans:
1 - B: Apical meristem is located at the tips of roots and shoots and causes increase in their length through active cell division.
2 - C: Sclerenchyma consists of dead cells with thick walls containing lignin, providing strength and rigidity to stems, seed coats and leaf veins.
3 - E: Companion cells are specialised parenchyma cells in phloem that regulate functions of sieve tubes and monitor sugar loading and unloading processes.
4 - A: Ligaments are strong, flexible connective tissues that connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints and preventing dislocation during movement.
5 - D: Dendrites are branch-like projections extending from the neuron cell body that receive signals from other neurons in the nervous system.
Short Answer Questions
Q1: Explain why plant and animal tissues are different from each other.
Solution:
Ans: Plants and animals differ greatly in structure, lifestyle and nutrition, which makes their tissues different. Plants are fixed in one place and make food by photosynthesis, while animals can move and digest food obtained from different sources. Plants have rigid cell walls giving strength, whereas animals lack cell walls allowing shape flexibility. Plant growth is localised in meristems, but animal growth is mostly distributed throughout the body.
Q2: What are the characteristics of meristematic tissue cells and why are they important?
Solution:
Ans: Meristematic cells are specially adapted for continuous, rapid cell division. They are small in size with thin cell walls, have large and prominent nuclei, and contain dense cytoplasm with many organelles. Vacuoles are absent because they would use up space needed for dividing. The cells are tightly packed with no intercellular spaces. These characteristics enable active cell division necessary for plant growth in length, girth and regrowth after cutting.
Q3: Describe the structure and function of xylem tissue in plants.
Solution:
Ans: Xylem is a complex permanent tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to other plant parts and also provides strength. It consists of four components: tracheids and vessels which are tubular, thick-walled dead cells; xylem parenchyma which is the only living component; and xylem fibres which are primarily sclerenchymatous dead cells. The thick walls and dead cells provide mechanical support whilst enabling efficient water transport throughout the plant body.
Q4: How does the musculoskeletal system help in movement and what are its main components?
Solution:
Ans: The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, muscles, joints, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. It helps us stand upright, move, maintain posture and protect delicate organs. Muscles pull on bones to produce movement and are attached to bones by strong, flexible bands called tendons. Joints allow movement between bones, whilst cartilage provides cushioning. Ligaments connect bone to bone, providing stability and preventing dislocation during movement and physical activities.
Q5: What is totipotency and what did F. C. Steward's experiment demonstrate?
Solution:
Ans: Totipotency is the phenomenon where some mature plant cells have the potential to undifferentiate, divide and redifferentiate into a new plant when provided with specific conditions. F. C. Steward demonstrated this in 1958 using phloem cells from carrots grown in nutrient medium. These cells dedifferentiated, formed an undifferentiated mass, and then redifferentiated into specialised structures like roots and shoots, ultimately developing into complete plants under suitable environmental conditions.
Long Answer Questions
Q1: Differentiate between the three types of meristematic tissues in plants based on their location and functions.
Solution:
Ans: Plants have three types of meristematic tissues based on location and function. Apical meristem is located at the tips of roots and shoots, containing actively dividing cells responsible for increase in length. Lateral meristem forms a ring of dividing cells in the stem, producing new cells inward and outward in concentric manner, increasing girth or diameter. Intercalary meristem is located at the base of the internode or just above the node, enabling regrowth after cutting, as seen in grass after mowing or hedges becoming bushy after trimming.
Q2: Compare the three types of muscular tissues in terms of their structure, control and location in the body.
Solution:
Ans:
Skeletal muscle: Long cylindrical, unbranched, multinucleate cells with striations. Under voluntary control and attached to bones for movement and locomotion.
Smooth muscle: Spindle-shaped cells with single nucleus and no striations. Involuntary control, found in stomach, intestines and blood vessels for digestion and peristalsis.
Cardiac muscle: Cylindrical, branched cells with single nucleus and faint striations. Involuntary control, found only in heart, pumps blood and beats tirelessly without fatigue throughout life.
Q3: Analyse the different types of joints in the human body and explain how their structure determines the type of movement possible.
Solution:
Ans:
Ball and socket joint: Rounded top of one bone fits into hollow of another, allowing forward, backward, sideways and circular movements, found in shoulder and hip.
Hinge joint: Bones meet like a door hinge, allowing movement in one direction only for bending and straightening, found in elbow and knee.
Pivot joint: One bone rotates around another enabling side-to-side rotation, found in neck where skull connects to backbone.
Fixed joint: Flat bones joined tightly together with no movement, found in skull bones for protection.
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