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Syllabus for General Aptitude (GA)

(COMMON TO ALL PAPERS)

Verbal Ability: English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.

Numerical Ability: Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and data
interpretation.

 

Section 1: Physical Chemistry

Structure: Postulates of quantum mechanics. Time dependent and time independent
Schrödinger equations. Born interpretation. Particle in a box. Harmonic oscillator. Rigid
rotor. Hydrogen atom: atomic orbitals. Multi-electron atoms: orbital approximation.
Variation and first order perturbation techniques. Chemical bonding: Valence bond
theory and LCAO-MO theory. Hybrid orbitals. Applications of LCAO-MOT to H2+, H2 and
other homonuclear diatomic molecules, heteronuclear diatomic molecules like HF, CO,
NO, and to simple delocalized π– electron systems. Hückel approximation and its
application to annular π – electron systems. Symmetry elements and operations. Point
groups and character tables. Origin of selection rules for rotational, vibrational, electronic
and Raman spectroscopy of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Einstein coefficients.
Relationship of transition moment integral with molar extinction coefficient and oscillator
strength. Basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance: nuclear g factor, chemical shift,
nuclear coupling.

Equilibrium: Laws of thermodynamics. Standard states. Thermochemistry. Thermodynamic
functions and their relationships: Gibbs-Helmholtz and Maxwell relations, van’t Hoff
equation. Criteria of spontaneity and equilibrium. Absolute entropy. Partial molar
quantities. Thermodynamics of mixing. Chemical potential. Fugacity, activity and activity
coefficients. Chemical equilibria. Dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature
and pressure. Non-ideal solutions. Ionic mobility and conductivity. Debye-Hückel limiting
law. Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation. Standard electrode potentials and
electrochemical cells. Potentiometric and conductometric titrations. Phase rule. Clausius-
Clapeyron equation. Phase diagram of one component systems: CO2, H2O, S; two
component systems: liquid-vapour, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid systems. Fractional
distillation. Azeotropes and eutectics. Statistical thermodynamics: microcanonical and
canonical ensembles, Boltzmann distribution, partition functions and thermodynamic
properties.

Kinetics: Transition state theory: Eyring equation, thermodynamic aspects. Potential
energy surfaces and classical trajectories. Elementary, parallel, opposing and consecutive
reactions. Steady state approximation. Mechanisms of complex reactions. Unimolecular
reactions. Kinetics of polymerization and enzyme catalysis. Fast reaction kinetics:
relaxation and flow methods. Kinetics of photochemical and photophysical processes.

Surfaces and Interfaces: Physisorption and chemisorption. Langmuir, Freundlich and BET
isotherms. Surface catalysis: Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Surface tension, viscosity.
Self-assembly. Physical chemistry of colloids, micelles and macromolecules.

 

Section 2: Inorganic Chemistry

Main Group Elements: Hydrides, halides, oxides, oxoacids, nitrides, sulfides – shapes and
reactivity. Structure and bonding of boranes, carboranes, silicones, silicates, boron nitride,
borazines and phosphazenes. Allotropes of carbon. Chemistry of noble gases,
pseudohalogens, and interhalogen compounds. Acid-base concepts.

Transition Elements: Coordination chemistry – structure and isomerism, theories of bonding
(VBT, CFT, and MOT). Energy level diagrams in various crystal fields, CFSE, applications of
CFT, Jahn-Teller distortion. Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes: spectroscopic
term symbols, selection rules, Orgel diagrams, charge-transfer spectra. Magnetic
properties of transition metal complexes. Reaction mechanisms: kinetic and
thermodynamic stability, substitution and redox reactions.
 

Lanthanides and Actinides: Recovery. Periodic properties, spectra and magnetic
properties.

Organometallics: 18-Electron rule; metal-alkyl, metal-carbonyl, metal-olefin and metalcarbene
complexes and metallocenes. Fluxionality in organometallic complexes. Types of
organometallic reactions. Homogeneous catalysis - Hydrogenation, hydroformylation,
acetic acid synthesis, metathesis and olefin oxidation. Heterogeneous catalysis - Fischer-
Tropsch reaction, Ziegler-Natta polymerization.

Radioactivity: Decay processes, half-life of radioactive elements, fission and fusion
processes.

Bioinorganic Chemistry: Ion (Na+ and K+) transport, oxygen binding, transport and
utilization, electron transfer reactions, nitrogen fixation, metalloenzymes containing
magnesium, molybdenum, iron, cobalt, copper and zinc.

Solids: Crystal systems and lattices, Miller planes, crystal packing, crystal defects, Bragg’s
law, ionic crystals, structures of AX, AX2, ABX3 type compounds, spinels, band theory,
metals and semiconductors.

Instrumental Methods of Analysis: UV-visible spectrophotometry, NMR and ESR
spectroscopy, mass spectrometry. Chromatography including GC and HPLC.
Electroanalytical methods- polarography, cyclic voltammetry, ion-selective electrodes.
Thermoanalytical methods.

 

Section 3: Organic Chemistry

Stereochemistry: Chirality of organic molecules with or without chiral centres and
determination of their absolute configurations. Relative stereochemistry in compounds
having more than one stereogenic centre. Homotopic, enantiotopic and diastereotopic
atoms, groups and faces. Stereoselective and stereospecific synthesis. Conformational
analysis of acyclic and cyclic compounds. Geometrical isomerism. Configurational and
conformational effects, and neighbouring group participation on reactivity and
selectivity/specificity.
 

Reaction Mechanisms: Basic mechanistic concepts – kinetic versus thermodynamic
control, Hammond’s postulate and Curtin-Hammett principle. Methods of determining
reaction mechanisms through identification of products, intermediates and isotopic
labeling. Nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution reactions (both aromatic and
aliphatic). Addition reactions to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom (N,O) multiple
bonds. Elimination reactions. Reactive intermediates – carbocations, carbanions,
carbenes, nitrenes, arynes and free radicals. Molecular rearrangements involving electron
deficient atoms.

Organic Synthesis: Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and selectivity involving the following
classes of compounds – alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, halides, nitro compounds, amines and amides. Uses of Mg,
Li, Cu, B, Zn and Si based reagents in organic synthesis. Carbon-carbon bond formation
through coupling reactions - Heck, Suzuki, Stille and Sonogoshira. Concepts of multistep
synthesis - retrosynthetic analysis, strategic disconnections, synthons and synthetic
equivalents. Umpolung reactivity – formyl and acyl anion equivalents. Selectivity in
organic synthesis – chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity. Protection and deprotection of
functional groups. Concepts of asymmetric synthesis – resolution (including enzymatic),
desymmetrization and use of chiral auxilliaries. Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
through enolates (including boron enolates), enamines and silyl enol ethers. Michael
addition reaction. Stereoselective addition to C=O groups (Cram and Felkin-Anh models).

Pericyclic Reactions and Photochemistry: Electrocyclic, cycloaddition and sigmatropic
reactions. Orbital correlations - FMO and PMO treatments. Photochemistry of alkenes,
arenes and carbonyl compounds. Photooxidation and photoreduction. Di-π-methane
rearrangement, Barton reaction.

Heterocyclic Compounds: Structure, preparation, properties and reactions of furan,
pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, indole, quinoline and isoquinoline.

Biomolecules: Structure, properties and reactions of mono- and di-saccharides,
physicochemical properties of amino acids, chemical synthesis of peptides, structural
features of proteins, nucleic acids, steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, and alkaloids.

Spectroscopy: Applications of UV-visible, IR, NMR and Mass spectrometry in the structural
determination of organic molecules.

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FAQs on Syllabus - Chemistry, GATE 2017

1. What is the syllabus for Chemistry in GATE 2017?
Ans. The syllabus for Chemistry in GATE 2017 includes topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding and molecular structure, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, solid-state, solutions, surface chemistry, equilibrium, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and analytical chemistry.
2. Can you provide more details about the topics covered in the Chemistry syllabus for GATE 2017?
Ans. Sure! The topics covered in the Chemistry syllabus for GATE 2017 are as follows: - Atomic structure: Bohr's theory, quantum numbers, electronic configurations, periodic trends, and periodicity. - Chemical bonding and molecular structure: Ionic and covalent bonding, hybridization, molecular orbital theory, VSEPR theory, and resonance. - Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, heat and work, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and spontaneity. - Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells, Nernst equation, electrochemical series, conductance, and electrolysis. - Chemical kinetics: Rate of reactions, order and molecularity, rate laws, and activation energy. - Solid-state: Crystal structures, unit cells, lattice parameters, X-ray diffraction, imperfections, and electrical properties. - Solutions: Types of solutions, colligative properties, Raoult's law, Henry's law, and ideal and non-ideal solutions. - Surface chemistry: Adsorption, colloids, emulsions, micelles, and catalysis. - Equilibrium: Law of mass action, equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier's principle, and acid-base equilibrium. - Organic chemistry: Nomenclature, isomerism, reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, carbonyl compounds, and biomolecules. - Inorganic chemistry: Periodic table, periodic trends, transition metals, coordination compounds, organometallics, and qualitative analysis. - Analytical chemistry: Classical and instrumental methods of analysis, chromatography, spectroscopy, and electroanalytical techniques.
3. How can I prepare for the Chemistry section in GATE 2017?
Ans. To prepare for the Chemistry section in GATE 2017, you can follow these steps: 1. Understand the syllabus thoroughly and make a study plan accordingly. 2. Refer to standard textbooks and study materials recommended for GATE Chemistry preparation. 3. Practice solving previous years' question papers and sample papers to get familiar with the exam pattern and types of questions asked. 4. Take mock tests to assess your preparation level and identify areas that need improvement. 5. Focus on understanding the concepts and their applications rather than rote memorization. 6. Make concise notes for quick revision before the exam. 7. Join online forums or study groups to discuss doubts and clarify concepts with fellow aspirants. 8. Stay updated with current affairs and recent developments in the field of Chemistry. 9. Time management is crucial, so allocate sufficient time for each topic and practice regular revision. 10. Stay motivated and maintain a positive attitude throughout your preparation journey.
4. Are there any specific tips to score well in the Chemistry section of GATE 2017?
Ans. Yes, here are some specific tips to score well in the Chemistry section of GATE 2017: 1. Focus on understanding the fundamental concepts rather than relying on memorization. 2. Practice numerical problems regularly to improve your problem-solving skills. 3. Solve previous years' question papers to get acquainted with the question pattern and identify weak areas. 4. Pay attention to important topics and high-weightage areas mentioned in the syllabus. 5. Make use of diagrams, flowcharts, and mnemonics to remember key concepts and reactions. 6. Revise regularly and make concise notes for quick revision before the exam. 7. Manage your time effectively during the exam by allocating specific time limits to each question. 8. Attempt easy questions first to build confidence and then move on to the more challenging ones. 9. Don't panic if you come across unfamiliar questions, try to apply the concepts you know and make educated guesses. 10. Stay calm, focused, and positive during the exam.
5. Can you provide some recommended reference books for the Chemistry section in GATE 2017?
Ans. Sure! Here are some recommended reference books for the Chemistry section in GATE 2017: 1. "Physical Chemistry" by P.W. Atkins 2. "Inorganic Chemistry" by J.D. Lee 3. "Organic Chemistry" by Morrison and Boyd 4. "A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry" by Peter Sykes 5. "Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Examinations" by R.S. Aggarwal 6. "Analytical Chemistry" by D.A. Skoog 7. "Chemical Principles" by Peter Atkins and Loretta Jones 8. "Principles of Physical Chemistry" by B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, and M.S. Pathania 9. "Concise Inorganic Chemistry" by J.D. Lee 10. "Organic Chemistry" by Solomons and Fryhle Note: It is advisable to refer to the latest editions of these books for updated content.
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