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Q1: The principles of Taylor and Fayol are mutually complementary. One believed that the management should scientifically select the person and that the work assigned should suit his/her physical and intellectual capabilities, while the other suggested that the work can be performed more efficiently if divided into specialized tasks. Identify and explain the principles of Fayol and Taylor referred to in the above para.                (CBSE, 2014)

1. ‘Management should scientifically select the person, and the work assigned should suit his/her physical and intellectual capabilities'—the principle of Development of each and every person to his/her greatest efficiency and prosperity. According to Taylor, to increase efficiency, employees should be given the required training to learn the ‘best method'. Efficient employees would produce more and earn more. This will ensure the greatest efficiency and prosperity for both company and its employees.                               
2. “The work can be performed more efficiently if divided into specialized tasks’—the principle of Division of work and Specialisation. According to this principle, work should be divided into small tasks/jobs; each performed by a specialist or trained employee. Division of work leads to specialisation. This results in inefficient and effective output.

Q2: What is determined by “Time-Study”?   (CBSE, 2014)

Time study determines the standard time taken to perform a well- defined job.

Q3: What is the objective of ‘Method Study’ as a technique of scientific management?      (CBSE, 2014)

The objective of the method study is to find out the best way of doing the job.  

Q4: What is determined by Fatigue Study"?         (CBSE, Foreign 2014)

The objective of the fatigue study is to determine the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task.

Q5: State the objective of the 'Time Study'.                 (CBSE, Delhi 2010)

OR

What is determined by Time Study"?              (CBSE, All India 2014}

The objective of time study is to determine standard time required to do a well-defined job.

Q6: State the objective of ‘Method Study’.                 (CBSE, Delhi 2010 (I), 2014)

The objective of Method study is to find out one best way of doing the job.

Q7: Principles of Taylor and Fayol are mutually complementary. One believed that management should not close its ears to constructive suggestions made by the employees, while the other suggested that a good company should have an employee suggestion system, whereby suggestions which result in substantial time or cost reduction should be rewarded. Identify and explain the principles of Taylor and Fayol referred in the above para.     (CBSE, Delhi 2014)

The principle of Taylor referred to is “Cooperation, Not Individualism". The principle of Fayol referred to is "Initiative".

Q8: Nikita and Salman completed their MBA and started working in a multinational company at the same level. Both are working hard and are happy with their employer Salman had the habit of backbiting and wrong reporting about his colleagues to impress his boss. All the employees in the organisation knew about it. At the time of performance appraisal the performance of Nikita was judged better than Salman. Even then their boss, Mohammed Sharif decided to promote Salman stating that being a female Nikita will not be able to handle the complications of a higher post.

(i) Identify and explain the principle of management which was not followed by this multinational company.

(ii) Identify the values which are being ignored quoting the lines from the above para.   (CBSE, All India 2013)

(i) The Principle violated is “Equity" It advocates that t there should be no discrimination against anyone on account of sex, age, caste, belief, nationality, etc.

It emphasizes kindliness and justice in the behavior of managers towards workers to ensure loyalty and devotion

(ii) The values which are being ignored are:

(a) Good Human behavior because Salman had the habit of backbiting and wrong reporting about his colleagues to impress his boss';

(b) Gender Equality as ‘Their boss decided to promote Salman stating that being a female, Nikita will not be able to handle the complications of a higher post.

Q9: Name and explain the principle of management according to which a manager should replace ‘s’ with "We' in all his conversations with workers.           (CBSE, Delhi 2013)

Principle of Espirit de corps.

Q10: 'Accurate cause and effect relationship cannot be established by principles of management.’ Why?         (CBSE, Delhi Compt. 2013)

Accurate cause and effect relationships cannot be established by principles of management because: (i) They apply mainly to human behavior; and (ii) In real life, situations are not identical.

Q11: Ayesha, a manager, decided that there will be separate departments for finance, marketing, production, and sales in her company. By doing so, she is following a principle of management. Name the principle.          (CBSE Delhi Compt. 2013)

Division of Work.

Q12: Why do principles of management try to establish the relationship between cause and effect? State.                   (CBSE, All India Compt. 2013)

The principles of management are intended to establish a relationship between cause and effect so that they can be used in similar situations in a large number of cases.

Q13: Shreya, a manager, feels that employees should get enough time to adapt to a new environment to show results. By doing so, she is following a principle of management. Name the principle.                       (CBSE, All India Compt. 2013)

Stability of Personnel.

Q14: What is meant by ‘Principles of Management?   (CBSE, All India 2008, Delhi 2011, All India 2013)

Principles of Management are broad and general guidelines for decision making and behaviour of managers.

Q15: Name the technique of scientific management which is the strongest motivator for a worker to reach standard performance.   (CBSE, 2012)

Differential piece wage system

Q16: What does the principle of Initiative' indicate?  (CBSE, 2012)

The principle of Initiative indicates that the subordinates should been encouraged to make and execute plans within the prescribed limits of authority

Q17: Explain the technique of Scientific management which is the strongest motivator for a worker to reach standard performance.                    (CBSE, All India 2012)

Differential piece wage system

Q18: Name the following principles of management : (i) that prevents dual subordination; and (ii) that prevents overlapping of working of two divisions.             (CBSE Delhi Compt. 2012)

(i) Unity of Command; 

(ii) Division of work.

Q19: Define ‘Scientific Management.           (CBSE Delhi Compt. 2012)

Scientific Management refers to the use of scientific, systematic, objective, and logical principles and techniques for various managerial functions.

Q20: Which principle of scientific management suggests the introduction of scientific investigation and analysis of management practices?   (CBSE, 2011)

Science not rule of thumb

Q21: What is meant by Universal applicability' of principles of management? (CBSE, Delhi 2011)

Management Principles are said to be universal because they are applicable in all types of organisations, at all levels, and at all times.

Q22 Give the meaning of 'Mental Revolution as suggested by F.W.Taylor.       (CBSE, All India 2011)

Mental Revolution refers to the change in the attitude of management and workers towards one another from competition to cooperation.

Q23: Name the principle of scientific management which emphasise on study and analysis of methods rather than estimation.              (CBSE, Delhi Compt. 2011)

OR

Name the principle of scientific management which suggests the introduction of scientific investigation and analysis.         (CBSE, All India Compt. 2011)

Science, not rule of thumb.

Q24: Give any one reason why management principles are required.        (CBSE, Foreign 2008, All India 2011)

Management principles provide managers with useful insights into real-world situations. It also increases managerial efficiency

Q25: The principles of management are not rigid prescriptions. What does this highlight about the nature of principles of management?    (CBSE, 2010)

Principles of management are flexible.

Q26: “Workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for development." Identify the principle of management formulated by Fayol.  (CBSE, 2010)

Principle of initiative

Q27: Which technique of scientific management aims at elimination of superfluous varieties, sizes and dimensions of the product?   (CBSE, 2010)

Simplification of work

Q28: Different techniques were developed by Taylor to facilitate principles of scientific management. One of them is ‘Fatigue Study’. What is the objective of this study? (CBSE, 2010)

A fatigue study seeks to determine the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task.

Q29: What is the objective of “Time Study”?   (CBSE, 2010)

The objective of time study is to determine the number of workers to be employed, frame suitable schemes and determine labour costs.

Q30: “The Principles of Management is different from those used in pure science." Write any one difference.  (CBSE, Sample Paper 2010)

Principles of management are less rigid as compared to principles of pure sciences because management principles deal with human behaviour which is not static.

Q31: Give any one reason why principles of management do not provide a readymade solution to all managerial problems.            (CBSE Delhi 2010)

Principles of management do not provide readymade solution to all managerial problems because principles provide general guidelines to managers, whereas, real business situations are very complex and dynamic.

Q32: Give any one reason why principles of management are not rigid prescriptions.    (CBSE, Delhi 2010)

Principles of management are not rigid prescriptions because they can be modified according to the needs of the situation. 

Q33: Give any one reason why principles of management are called ‘contingent.'    (CBSE, Delhi 2010)

Principles of management are called contingent because the application of principles has to be changed according to the prevailing situation at a particular point of time.

Q34: Give anyone reason why principles of management do not provide readymade solution to all managerial problems.            (CBSE, Delhi 2010)

Principles of management do not provide readymade solution to all managerial problems because principles provide general guidelines to managers, whereas, real business situations are very complex and dynamic.

Q35: Give any one reason why principles of management are called 'contingent'.     (CBSE, Delhi 2010)

Principles of management are called contingent because the application of principles has to be changed according to the prevailing situation at a particular point of time.

Q36: Give any one reason why principles of management are not rigid prescriptions.    (CBSE, Delhi 2010)

Principles of management are not rigid prescriptions because they can be modified according to the needs of the situation.

Q37: In your school, you observe that books are kept in the office, chalks in the library, and office records in the staffroom. How will that affect the achievement of school objectives? Which aspect of management is lacking here and why? As a manager, what steps will you take to rectify the shortcomings?         (CBSE, Sample Paper 2010)

Principle of Order' is lacking.

Q38: What did Taylor want to communicate through 'Mental Revolution"?       (CBSE, Delhi Compt. 2009)

The workers and management should change their outlook to wards one another and should work together for organisational goals.

Q39: Which technique of Taylor acts as the strongest motivator for a worker to reach standard Performance?          (CBSE, Delhi Compt. 2009)

Differential price wage system.

Q40: Why did Taylor introduce differential piecewage system?   (CBSE, 2009)

• To differentiate between efficient and inefficient workers. 
• To reward efficient workers.

Q41: Why did Fayol introduce the concept of ‘Gang Plank’ in the principle of 'Scalar Chain’?   (CBSE, All India 2009)

The concept of gang plank was developed to avoid delay in communication in case of emergency between two people working at the same level but in different departments.

Q42: State the principle of ‘Order.'        (CBSE, Foreign 2009)

According to the principle of Order, there should be a place for everything and everyone.

Q43: What does the principle of ‘Initiative' indicate?         (CBSE, Delhi 2009)

It indicates that workers should be encouraged and given an opportunity to make and execute the plans within the prescribed limits of authority.

Q44: Which technique of Taylor separates ‘Planning' and 'Execution' functions?     (CBSE, Delhi Compt. 2009)

Functional Foremanship.            

Q45: Why did Taylor develop the technique of differential piece wage system?            (CBSE, Delhi Compt. 2009)

Taylor developed the technique to differentiate between efficient and inefficient workers and to reward efficient workers suitably.

Q46: State how the management principles are flexible ?                 (CBSE, Delhi 2008, 09)

Principles of Management are called flexible as they have to be modified as per changes in the business environment.

Q47: D & D Ltd. Co. is a large manufacturing unit. Recently the company had conducted the time' and ‘motion' studies and concluded that on an average, a worker could produce 120 units per day. However, it has been noticed that average daily production of a worker is in the range of 80-90 units. What steps will you suggest to ensure that the actual performance is in accordance with the performance as per time and motion studies?   (CBSE, All India Comptt. 2008)

The following steps can be taken: 

(i) Eliminate unnecessary movements in doing work; 

(ii) Conduct a 'Fatigue study' and provide rest intervals to employees so as to enable them to regain lost stamina; 

(iii) Use a Differential piece wage system’ in which efficient and inefficient workers are paid at different rates. It will motivate the workers to put in their maximum efforts.

Q48: How have the management principles been derived?          (CBSE, All India 2008)

Management principles have been derived

• By observation and experimentation.
• Personal Experience of managers

Q49: Why may Taylor's techniques of scientific management not be applicable to all types of organizations?                  (CBSE, All India Compt. 2008)

They are not applicable to all types of organizations because they are more specific in nature and can be applied in specialized situations.

Q50: The subordinates in a company receive orders regarding their work from different operative heads for the same task. Which principle of management is being overlooked and why?           (CBSE, Delhi 2007)

The principle of Unity of Command" is being overlooked as subordinates receive orders from more than one operative head.

Q51: Hina and Harish are typists in a company having the same educational qualifications. Hina is getting Rs. 3,000 per month and Harish Rs. 4,000 per month as salary for the same working hours. Which principle of management is violated in this case? Name and explain the principle.               (CBSE, Delhi 2006)

The principle of Equity is violated.      

Q52: Which principle of Taylor suggests that the job performed should be based on scientific inquiry and not on intuition? Name and explain in brief the principle. (CBSE, All India Compt. 2005)

Principle of Science, not Rule of Thumb: There should be scientific study and analysis of each element of a job in order to replace the old rule of thumb approach or hit-and-miss method. We should constantly be experimenting with and developing new techniques which make the work much simpler, easier, and quicker.  

Q53: Which principle of management is violated if an employee is asked to receive orders from two superiors? Explain the principle with a suitable example.       (CBSE, Delhi 2004)

OR

The Production Manager of ABC Ltd. instructs a salesman to go slow in selling the product, whereas the Marketing Manager is insisting on fast selling to reach the target. Which principle of management is being violated in this case? State any two consequences of the violation of this principle.

The principle of Unity of Command is violated.

Q54: Which principle of management envisages that each group of activities having the same objectives must have one head and one plan? Explain the principle with a suitable example.        (CBSE, All India 2004)

Principle of Unity of Direction.

Q55: Which principle of management suggests that employees should not be moved from their positions frequently? Give one adverse effect if this principle is not followed.     (CBSE, Delhi 2002)

The principle of Stability of Tenure is violated.

Q56: Which principle is being overlooked by Mohan, a manager, in the following cases:

1. He expects his subordinates to adapt to new environments and working conditions without giving them time to settle down.
   Ans. Stability of Personnel
2. He expects his subordinates to work for the happiness and pleasure of being in the organization.
   Ans. Remuneration of Employees
3. He does not distribute the work amongst his subordinates, either according to capability or proportionately.  (CBSE All India 2007)
   Ans. Division of Work
4. He is very lax (careless) with his fellow employees and subordinates. He does not give them parameters or rules for reporting to work and completing assignments.
   Ans. Discipline
5. He often speaks to people at all levels, passing on instructions regarding his department and also other departments.
   Ans. Scalar Chain
6. He neither has a system of keeping his equipment nor people in a prescribed place. (CBSE, Foreign 2007)
   Ans. Order
7. He expects his colleagues to get work out of subordinates without giving them any power.  (CBSE, Foreign 2007)
   Ans. Authority and Responsibility
8. He expects his colleagues to get a workout of subordinates and yet has a differential treatment for each person.   (CBSE, Foreign 2007)
   Ans. Equity

Q57: Name and explain the principle of management:

1. In which workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvements in the organization.  (CBSE, All India 2010)
   Ans. Initiative:
2. Which requires judicious application of penalties by the management. (CBSE, Delhi 2010)
   Ans. Discipline:
3. Which points out the danger and costs of unnecessary labor turnover.
   Ans.  Stability of Personnel
4. Which aims at securing the loyalty and devotion of the employees by giving them kind, fair and just treatment.  (CBSE, Foreign 2004)
   Ans. Equity:
5. Which says: 'We should not have multiple bosses, as it will lead to divided responsibility.'
   Ans. Unity of Command:

Q58: Name and explain the technique of scientific management which:

1. Helps in establishing the interchangeability of manufactured parts and products.
   Ans. Standardization:
2. Helps in eliminating unnecessary diversity of products and thus results in saving Cost.
   Ans. Simplification of work:
3. Is an extension of the principle of division of work and specialisation.
   Ans. Functional foremanship:

Q59: Give any one difference between management principles and management techniques. 

Management Principles are guidelines to take decisions, whereas management techniques are procedures involving series of steps to be taken to achieve desired goals.

Q60: Name the scientific management which helps in stablishing interchangeability of manufactured parts and products

Standardisation of work

Q61: What is the main objective of simplification in scientific management?

The main objective of simplification is to eliminate unnecessary diversity of products which results in savings of cost of labour, machines and tools.

Q62: State the objective of the ‘Motion Study.’

The objective of motion study is to eliminate unnecessary and wasteful motions so that it takes less time to complete the job efficiently.

Q63: The manager of a company always undermines the performance of Ramesh (an employee) as he belongs to the reserved category. Identify Fayol's principle which is being violated.

The principle violated is “Equity".

Q64: Principles of Taylor and Fayol are mutually complementary. One believed that the management should share the gains with the workers, while the other suggested that employees compensation should depend on the earning capacity of the company and should give them a reasonable standard of living.

Identify and explain the principles of Fayol and Taylor referred to in the above para.

The principle of Fayol referred s "Remuneration". The principle of Taylor referred to is “Harmony, not Discord." 

Q65: What is meant by principles of management? State any three points of their importance.

Principles of management are general guidelines, which can be used for conduct in work places under certain situations. It also helps manager to take and implement thoughtful decisions.
Following are the main importance of the Principles of Management.

• Improves Understanding.
• Direction for Training of Managers.
• Role of Management. Guide to Research in Management
• Improves Understanding - From the knowledge of principles managers get indication on how to manage an organization. The principles enable managers to decide what should be done to accomplish given tasks and to handle situations which may arise in management. These principles make managers more efficient.
• Direction for Training of Managers - Principles of management provide understanding of management process what managers would do to accomplish what. Thus, these are helpful in identifying the areas of management in which existing & future managers should be trained.
• Role of Management - Management principles makes the role of managers concrete. Therefore these principles act as ready reference to the managers to check whether their decisions are appropriate. Besides these principles define managerial activities in practical terms. They tell what a manager is expected to do in specific situation.

Q66: Explain 'Science Not Rule of Thumb' as a principle of Scientific Management.

Science, Not Rule of Thumb: In order to increase organisational efficiency, the ‘Rule of Thumb’ method should be substituted by the methods developed through scientific analysis of work. Rule of Thumb means decisions taken by manager as per their personal judgments. According to Taylor, even a small production activity like loading iron sheets into box cars can be scientifically planned. This will help in saving time as well as human energy. Decisions should be based on scientific enquiry with cause and effect relationships.

Q67: Discuss in brief Taylor's principles of
(i) Science, not rule of thumb
(ii) Harmony, not discord

(i) Science, not rule of thumb: According to Taylor, each job should be performed in an organisation as per the scientific approach, as there is always one best method to maximise efficiency.
(ii) Harmony, not discord: According to this principle, there should be complete harmony between management and workers and there should be a transformation in the thinking of both parties, called mental revolution.

Q68: Why it is said that management principles are universal in application?

Principles of Management are Universal

• Management principles are applicable to all kinds of organizations - business & non business.
• They are applicable to all levels of management.
• Every organization must make best possible use by the use of management principles.
• Therefore, they are universal or all pervasive.

Q69: Explain any five characteristics which reflect the nature of Principles of Management.

1. Principles of Management are Universal

Management principles are applicable to all kinds of organizations - business & non business.

They are applicable to all levels of management.

2. Principles of Management are Flexible

Management principles are dynamic guidelines and not static rules.

There is sufficient room for managerial discretion i.e. they can be modified as per the requirements of the situation.

3. Principles of Management have a Cause & Effect Relationship

Principles of management indicate cause and effect relationship between related variables.

They indicate what will be the consequence or result of certain actions. Therefore, if one is known, the other can be traced.

4. Principles of Management - Aims at Influencing Human Behavior

Human behavior is complex and unpredictable.

Management principles are directed towards regulating human behavior so that people can give their best to the organization.

5. Principles of Management are of Equal Importance

All management principles are equally important.

No particular principle has greater importance than the other. They are all required together for the achievement of organizational goals.

Q70: What contradiction do you find in the principle of ‘Unity of Command’ and the technique of ‘Functional Foremanship’ and why?

The principle of unity of command states that an employee should receive orders from and be answerable only to one superior. On the other hand, under functional foremanship an employee receives order from many superiors at a time and he/she is answerable to all of them. Hence, we find that there is a contradiction between the two. This contradiction is because of the difference in their respective objective.
The objective of the principle of unity of command is to avoid confusion regarding the work to be done and that of functional foremanship is to make possible the full utilisation of expertise of various experts.

Q71: Develop an imaginary plan of differential piece rates to be introduced for the workers, engaged in sewing shirts.

(i) Differential Wage System: Taylor has advised the adoption of differential wage systems in order to motivate the employees. According to this system wages are paid on the basis of work done and not on the basis of time spent in doing the work. In this system, two different wage rates are used: one is the high wage rate and the other is the low wage rate. Those workers who are able to produce the standard number of units within a fixed duration are paid as per the high wage rate, and those workers who are not able to produce the standard number of units within the same time are paid as per the lower wage rate.
(ii) Imaginary Plan: The following is the plan of differential piece rates to be introduced for the workers engaged in sewing shirts:

• Standard Production : 4 Shirts Per Day
• Working hours per day : 8 Hours
• Wage rate for standard and more than standard output : ₹ 40 per shirt
• Wage rate for less than standard production : ₹ 35 per shirt.

Q72: Explain the principle of Discipline.

Discipline is defined as obedience towards organizational rules and employment agreements that are necessary for the working of the organization. According to Fayol, discipline requires good superiors at all levels, clear and fair agreements, and judicious application of penalties.

Q73: Illustrate the principle of 'stability of tenure' through a suitable example.

Rekha, a Manger of Solutions Ltd recruited twenty new employees. She kept these employees in an organisation for a period of one year, so that the employees become familiar with their jobs and can contribute their best for the realisation of goals. The above stated example clearly defines the principle of 'stability of tenure', which states that an employee should be placed at the position for a minimum fixed tenure so that he/she can contribute his best towards the attainment of goals.