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Periodic table

  • Tabular representation of chemical elements is known as periodic table.
  • These chemical elements are arranged according to their properties.
  • The chemical elements which have similar properties or similar chemical behaviour are found near to each other in this tabular representation. 

MANDELEEVS PERIODIC LAW (1869)

  • The physical and chemical properties of an element are a periodic function of their atomic weight, i.e , when the element are arranged in order of their increasing atomic weight elements with similar properties are repeated after certain regular intervals.

Modern periodic law

  • The physical an chemical properties of an element are a periodic function of their atomic Number i.e when the element is arranged in order in order of their increasing atomic weight, elements with similar properties are repeated after certain regular intervals.

Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams
Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams
Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams

Main features of modern periodic table

  • it has 7 horizontal rows called periods and 16 vertical columns called groups or families.
  • The first period is the shortest period consists of 2 elements.
  • The second and third period contain 8 elements, fourth and fifth period contains 18 elements sixth period contains 36 elements and seventh period is incomplete with 29 known elements.
  • The elements of second period are known as bridge elements.
  • The elements of 18 groups are known as inert gases and noble gases.
  • The element of 3 groups to 13 groups is known as transition elements because their properties lie between the properties of the reactive metals.
  • The series of elements with z = 58 to z = 71 which occur in the periodic table after lanthanum are called lanthanides or lanthanides.
  • The series with the z = 90 to z = 103 which occur in the periodic table after actinium are called actinides or actinides

Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams
Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams
Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams

Classification 

  • Groups
  • Periods
  • Blocks

Groups

  • A group is a vertical column in the chemical periodic table.
  • In most of groups, the elements have similar characteristics or properties and exhibit a clear trend in properties or characteristics down the group. 

Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams
Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams
Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams

 

Periods

  • A period is known as a horizontal row in the chemical periodic table.
  • Mostly groups are the most common way of classifying chemical elements; there are some other regions of the chemical periodic table where the horizontal trends and similarities in properties and characteristics are more significant than vertical group trends.
  • This can be true in the d-block or transition metals and especially for the f-block, where the actinides and lanthanides form two substantial horizontal series of elements. 

Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams
Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams
Periodic table - Chemistry | General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams

S-block elements;-

  • Elements in which the last electron enters the s-orbital general configuration is ns(1-2) the elements of 1 and 2 groups are s-blocked elements.
  • Properties;-
  • They are metals with low melting and boiling point.
  • They have low ionization energies and high electropositive.
  • Their metallic character and reactivity increase in a group.
  • They lose the valance electrons readily to form +1 and +2 ions.
  • They are strong reducing agents.
  • They are good conductor of heat and electricity.

P-block elements;-

  • Elements in which the last electron enters any one of the three p-orbital.
  • General configuration is ns(2) np(1-6) the 13 and 18 groups have p-block elements.
  • The element of 17 groups is known as halogens and that of 16 group are known as chalcogens.                   
  • Properties;-
  • The metallic character increases within a group decreases along a period.
  • Their ionization energies are relatively higher than than of s-block elements.
  • They show more than on oxidation states.
  • Their oxidizing character increase in a period and reducing character increases along a group.

D-block elements

  • Element in which the last electron enters any one of the five d-orbital.
  • General configuration is ( n-1 ) d(1-10) ns(0-2).
  •  The element of group 3 and 13 belongs to this category.
  • They are called as transition elements.
  • Properties;-
  • They are hard malleable and ductile metal with high m.p and b.p.
  • They are good conductor of heat and electricity.
  • Their ionization energies are between s and p block elements.
  • Their compounds are generally colored.
  • They show various oxidation states.
  • They form both ionic and covalent compound.
  • Most of the transition elements form alloys.

F- block elements

  • Element in which the last electron enters any one of the seven f-orbital.
  • General configuration is (n-2) f (0-14)   (n-1) d(0-1) ns(2).
  • There is 28 f-block elements in all.
  • They are called inner transition elements.
  • Properties
  • They are heavy metal with high m.p and b.p.
  • They show various oxidation states.
  • Their compounds are greenery colored.
  • They have high ten dent to form complexes.
  • Most of the elements of the actinide series are radioactive.
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FAQs on Periodic table - Chemistry - General Awareness & Knowledge - Bank Exams

1. What is the periodic table in chemistry?
Ans. The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. It provides a comprehensive overview of all known elements, with each element represented by its symbol and atomic number.
2. How many elements are there in the periodic table?
Ans. As of now, there are 118 confirmed elements in the periodic table. These elements range from hydrogen (atomic number 1) to oganesson (atomic number 118). However, the discovery of new elements is an ongoing process, and the table may expand in the future.
3. What is the significance of the periodic table in chemistry?
Ans. The periodic table is a fundamental tool in chemistry as it allows scientists to understand and predict the behavior of various elements and their compounds. It helps in identifying trends in properties such as atomic radius, electronegativity, and valence electrons, aiding in the classification and study of elements.
4. How is the periodic table organized?
Ans. The periodic table is organized into periods (horizontal rows) and groups (vertical columns). Elements within the same group share similar chemical properties, while elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. The table is also divided into several blocks, such as s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block, based on the sublevel of the highest energy electrons.
5. Why are some elements placed separately from the main periodic table?
Ans. Some elements are placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table to maintain its compactness and ensure proper organization. These elements are known as the "f-block" elements or inner transition metals. They are positioned separately to avoid making the table too wide and to clearly display the periodic trends and patterns of the other elements.
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