Fluid Statics | Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) PDF Download
FLUID STATICS
- Pascal's Law
- The intensity of pressure at any point in a stationary fluid is same in all directions.
px = py = pz
Note that pressure varies only with depth in stationary fluids, whereas if fluids is in motion pressure may vary in horizontal directions also. - Fluid pressure is measured in Force/ Area and it is expressed in Pascal (N/m2) or Bar.
1 Bar = 105 N/m2
1 MPa = 10 Bar - For static fluids, piezometric head is constant throughout the fluid.
- The intensity of pressure at any point in a stationary fluid is same in all directions.
- Pressure Scales
(i) Absolute Scale - Pressure is measured with reference to absolute zero. In this scale pressure cannot be negative. Minimum pressure is zero.
- Abs. pressure = Pguage + local atm. pressure
(ii) Gauge Scale
- Pressure is measured with reference to atmospheric pressure. It means atmospheric pressure is taken zero.
- Guage pressure can be positive, negative or zero.
- Gauge pressure = Absolute pressure – local atmospheric pressure
- Vacuum pressure = local atmospheric pressure – absolute pressure
- The atmospheric pressure varies with altitude, temperature and local conditions. It is measured by Barometer.
- At mean sea level atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 105 Pascal or 1 Bar or 10.3 mts. of height of water or 76 cm height of mercury.
- Pressure Measuring Devices
(i) Piezometer It is simple graduated glass tube which measures pressure in gauge scale. The height up to which liquid is raised in this tube is called pressure head. It is useful for small pressure measurement and is not suitable for high pressure and negative pressure measurements.
p = gh; where 'h' is height of liquid column
(ii) Manometer It is based on liquid column balance mechanism. The manometric liquid used should have high density & low vapour pressure.
(a) Simple Manometer or U-tube Manometer
It can measure both positive and negative pressures.
(b) Differential Manometer
It measures difference in pressure between two points.
(c) Micromanometer
It measures small difference of pressure. It is modified form of Simple Manometer whose one limb is made of larger cross section area.
(d) Inclined Manometer
It measures small pressure low velocity gas flow
S = specific gravity of liquid
gw = specific weight of water
g = specific weight of manometric liquid
(iii) Mechanical Gauges : These are used for rough measurement of high pressure. These are based on spring balance mechanism. Ex. Bourdon tube pressure gauge.
(iv) Aneroid Barometer or Mercury Barometer : It is used to measure local atmospheric pressure on absolute scale.
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FAQs on Fluid Statics - Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical)
| 1. What is fluid statics in mechanical engineering? |  |
Fluid statics is a branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest. It primarily focuses on studying the equilibrium and pressure distribution of fluids, such as liquids and gases, when they are not in motion.
| 2. How is the pressure in a fluid at rest distributed? | |
In a fluid at rest, the pressure is distributed uniformly in all directions. This is known as hydrostatic pressure. The pressure increases with depth and is the same at a given depth regardless of the shape of the container. This is due to the weight of the fluid column above a specific point.
| 3. What is Pascal's law and its significance in fluid statics? | |
Pascal's law states that any change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid will be transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of the container. This principle is crucial in hydraulic systems and plays a significant role in various applications, such as hydraulic lifts, brakes, and jacks.
| 4. How is buoyancy related to fluid statics? | |
Buoyancy is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid. It is directly proportional to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. According to Archimedes' principle, an object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Buoyancy is an essential concept in designing ships, submarines, and hot air balloons.
| 5. What are some practical applications of fluid statics in mechanical engineering? | |
Fluid statics has numerous practical applications in mechanical engineering. Some examples include designing and analyzing pressure vessels, determining the stability of floating structures like ships and offshore platforms, calculating the forces exerted on dams and retaining walls due to water pressure, and understanding the behavior of fluids in pipes and pipelines.
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