Deep Foundation | Civil Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download

Chapter 14 
Deep Foundation
BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
The ultimate bearing capacity of a pile is the maximum load which it can carry without failure or excessive settlement of the ground. The bearing capacity also depends on the methods of installation.
A. Analytical Method
(i)
(ii)

where,
Q_up = Ultimate load on pile
Q_eb= End bearing capacity
Q_sf = Skin friction
q_b = End bearing resistance of unit area.
q_s = Skin friction resistance of unit area
A_b = Bearing area
A_s = Surface area

(iii) q_b ~ 9C where, C = Unit Cohesion at the base of pile
(iv)  where, a = Adhesion factor
a = Unit adhesion between pile and soil.
 = Average Cohesion over depth of pile.
 
where, F_s = Factor of safety

(vi)
 
F₁ = 3 and F₂ = 2
F₁ = F₂ = 2.5

(vii) For pure clays
 
B. Dynamic Approach:Dynamic methods are suitable for dense cohesionless soil only.
(i) Engineering News Formula
(a)

(b)
where,
Q_up = Ultimate load on pile
Q_ap = Allowable load on pile
W = Weight of hammer in kg.
H = Height of fall of hammer in cm.
S = Final set (Average penetration of pile per blow of hammer for last five blows in cm)
C = Constant
= 2.5cm for drop hammer
= 0.25 cm for steam hammer (single acting or double acting)
(c) For drop hammer
 
 -For single Acting Steam Hammer

 Q_ap= WH/6(S+0.25)
-For Double Acting Steam Hammer

 
where P = Steam pressure and a = Area of hammer on which pressure acts.

 (ii) Hiley Formula (I.S. Formula)
 

where,
F_s = Factor of safety = 3
η_h = Efficiency of hammer
η_b = Efficiency of blow
η_h = 0.75 to 0.85 for single acting steam hammer
η_h= 0.75 to 0.80 for double acting steam hammer
η_h=1 for drop hammer

where,
W = Weight of hammer in kg.
P = Weight of pile + pile cap
e = Coefficient of restitutions
= 0.25 for wooden pile and cast Iron hammer
= 0.4 for concrete pile and cast iron hammer
= 0.55 for steel piles and cast iron hammer
S = Final set or penetration per blow
C = Total elastic compression of pile, pile cap and soil
H = Height of fall of hammer. 

(C) Field Method
(i) Use of Standard penetration Data
 
where,N = Corrected S.P.T. Number
 = Average corrected S.P.T number for entire pile length
 
F_s = Factor of safety
=4 for driven pile
= 2.5 for for bored pile
 
-For non Displacement pile (H-piles)
qb = 200N q_s =

UNDER-REAMED PILE
An ‘under-reamed’ pile is one with an enlarged based or a bulb: the bulb is called ‘under-ream’. Under reamed piles are cast -in-situ piles , which may be installed both in sandy and in clayey soils. The ratio of bulb size to the pile shaft size may be 2 to 3; usually a value of 2.5 is used.

 


where,b_u = dia of bulb, Spacing = 1.5 b_u.
 
 Cone Penetration Test:

where,
 q_c = Static cone resistance of the base of pile in kg/cm².
 = Average cone resistance over depth of pile in kg/cm².
A_b= π/4 .(b_u)²=Area of bulb (m²).

NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION:
Negative skin friction is usually a downward shear drag acting on a pile or pile group because of downward movement of surrounding soil relative to the piles. This shear drag movements are anticipated to occur when a pile penetrates into compressible soil layer that can consolidate.
It is reported that, A small relative movement between the soil and the pile of around 10 mm may be adequate for the full negative skin friction to materialize.

(i) Negative skin friction of piles in cohesive soil

where,
F_n=negative skin friction
P= Perimeter of the pile
L_c=pile length in compressible soil
c_a=unit adhesion
Unit adhesion=
where,
α= adhesion factor
c_u=Undrain Cohesion of the compressible layer

(ii) For cohesion less soils

where,
k= lateral earth pressure coefficient
γ= Unit weight of soil
δ= Angle of friction between pile and soil

GROUP ACTION OF PILE:
The ultimate load carrying capacity of the pile group is finally chosen as the smaller of the (i) Ultimate load carrying capacity of n pile (n Q_up) and (ii) Ultimate load carrying capacity  of the single large equivalent (block) pile (Q_ug).
 To determine design load or allowable load, apply a suitable factor of safety.

(i) Group Efficiency (η_g)
 
Q_ug = Ultimate load capacity of pile group
Q_up = Ultimate load on single pile
For sandy soil - η_g> 1
For clay soil - η_g< 1 and η_g> 1
Minimum number of pile for group action = 3

Q_ug =q_bA_b +q_sA_s 
where q_b =9C for clays
A_b =B²
q_s = 
A_s =4B.L
-For square Group: 
Size of group,B = (n -1)S+D
where, n = Total number of pile If size of group is x.x
n =X²


where, S_r = Group Settlement Ratio
S_g = Settlement of pile group
S_i = Settlement of individual pile.
(ii) When Piles are Embended on a Unifrom Clay

(iii) In case of Sand

where, B = Size of pile group in meter.