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Graphs - Physics Class 11 - NEET

3. Graphs  :

(i) Straight line :
A linear relation between y & x represents a straight line.
General equation of straight line
y = mx + c
m ≡ slope of line 
c ≡y intercept i.e. where the line cuts the y-axis.
Slope is defined as the tan of  angle made by the  straight line with positive x-axis in anticlockwise 
direction.   

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET        
m < 0 ⇒  θ > 90°  
m > 0  ⇒ θ < 90°
0° ≤ θ < 180°

Ex.23 Draw the graph for the equation :   2y = 3x + 2  
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
Sol. 2y = 3x + 2  ⇒  y = Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   ⇒ θ < 90°
c = +1 > 0  
⇒  The line will pass through (0, 1) 

Ex.24 Draw the graph for the equation : 2y + 4x + 2 = 0
 Sol.
2y + 4x + 2 = 0 ⇒ y = – 2x – 1
m = – 2 < 0  i.e., θ > 90°    
c = – 1 i.e., 
line will pass through (0, –1) 

  •  (i) If c = 0 line will pass through origin.
    Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

(ii) y = c will be a line parallel to x axis.
(iii) x = c will be a line perpendicular to y axis   

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET 

(ii) Parabola
A general quadratic equation represents a parabola.
y = ax2 + bx + c a ≠ 0
if a > 0 ; It will be a opening  upwards parabola.
if a < 0 ; It will be a opening downwards parabola.
if c = 0 ; It will pass through origin.

e.g. y = 4 x2  + 3x      Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

Average velocity & instantaneous velocity from Position vs time graph
Average velocity from tto t
= Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
=   tan θ  = slope of the chord AB   
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
when t2 approaches t1 point B approaches Point A and the chord AB becomes tangent to the curve. Therefore 
vinstantaneous = Slope of the tangent x – t curve

(iii) Reading of Graph
(A) Reading x v/s t graphs

Explanation

(1)   Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  Body is at rest at x0.


(2)  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   Body starts from origin and is moving with speed tan θ away from origin.


(3) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    Body starts from rest from origin and moves away from origin with increasing speed velocity and positive acceleration.   

(4)  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   Body starts from rest from x = x0 and moves away from origin with increasing  velocity or +ve acceleration.

(5) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET Body starts from x = x0 and  is moving toward the origin with constant velocity passes throw origin after same time and continues to move away from origin.

(6) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    Body starts from rest at x = x0 and then moves with increasing speed towards origin  

∴ acceleration is –ve

 

7)  Body starts moving away from origin with some initial speed. Speed of  body is  decreasing till t1 and it becomes 0 momentarily of t = t1 and at this instant. Its reverses its direction  and move towards the origin with increasing speed. 


(8) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    Body starts from origin moves away from origin in the –ve x-axis at t = t1 with decreasing speed and at t= t1 it comes at rest momentarily, Reverses its direction  moves towards the origin the increasing speed. Crosses the origin at t = t2.


(9) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETBody starts from origin from rest and moves away from origin with increasing  speed.


(B) V-t Graphs 

(1)  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   Body is always at rest.

(2)  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   Body is moving with constant velocity v0

(3) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    Body is at rest initially then it starts moving with its velocity increasing at a  constant rate i.e. body is moving with constant acceleration.

(4) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    Body starts its motion with initial velocity v0 and continues to move with its velocity  increasing at a constant rate i.e.  acceleration of the body is constant.

 

(5) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   Body starts its motion with initial velocity v0. Then it continues to move with its  velocity decreasing at a constant rate i.e. acceleration of the body is negative  and constant.  At t = t0 the body comes to rest instantaneously and reverses its direction of motion and then continues to move with decreasing velocity or increasing speed.
For 0 < t < t0    motion of the body is deaccelerated (∴ speed is decreasing)
t > t0  motion of the body is accelerated (∴ speed is increasing)


(6) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    Body is at rest initially. Then it starts moving with increasing velocity. As time  increases its velocity is increasing more rapidly. i.e. the moving with increasing  acceleration.

(7)  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   Body starts its motion with initial velocity v0. Its  velocity is decreasing with time and at t = t0 . It becomes zero after body reverse its direction of motion and continues to move with decreasing velocity or increasing speed. Since velocity  of the body is decreasing for whole motion. Therefore, its acceleration is negative.For 0 < t < t0    motion of the  body is deaccelerated (speed is decreasing) t > t0  motion of the body is accelerated (Q speed is increasing)
(C) Reading of a - t Graphs

(1) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    acceleration of the body is zero that means the body is moving constant velocity. 


(2) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    Acceleration of the body is constant and positive.

(3) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    Acceleration of the body is constant and negative


 

(4)   Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  Initially the acceleration of  the body is zero. Then its acceleration is increasing 
at a constant rate.

(5)  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   The body starts accelerating(initial acceleration zero) at t = 0. Its acceleration is negative for whole of its motion and is decreasing at a constant rate.

(6) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET Initially acceleration of the body is zero. Its acceleration is positive for whole of  its motion. Its acceleration is increasing for whole of its motion.

(IV) Drawing of graphs on the basis of given information.

(a) If acceleration of the body is zero.
(i) If the velocity of the body is v0 and it starts from origin.
 Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  
(ii) If at t = 0, x = x0 then 
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  

(iii) If at t = 0,  x = – x0  then

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

b) If a body has constant acceleration :
 For this section

(i) u0, x0 & a0 are positive constants. 

(ii) uº initial velocity 

(iii) vº  velocity at any time t.
(iv) xº Position at any time t.
xi º initial position

(i) if u = 0, a = a0
   
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET This is wrong because it suggest the body don't have some initial velocity

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
 
v = a0t
(ii) If u = u0 ,  a = a0

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  
(iii)   if u = u0,  a = – a0
  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
 

iv) if u = – u0 ,  a = + a0
x = xi – u0t + Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET   
 Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

(v) If u = u0,  a = – a0
 x = xi – u0t – Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

Ex.25 Draw the 
 (a) position vs time graph
 (b) velocity vs time graph
 (c) acceleration vs time graph
 for the following cases 

(i) If a body is projected vertically upwards with initial velocity u. Take the projection point to be origin and upward direction as positive.
  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
(ii) If a body is dropped from a height h above the ground. Take dropping point to be origin and upward direction as +ve.
  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  
(iii) If a body is projected vertically upwards from a tower of height h with initial velocity u. Take the projection point to be origin and upward direction as +ve.

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET    
(iv) A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly at 2 ms–2 for 5 seconds and then moves with constant speed acquired for the next 5 seconds and then comes to rest retarding at 2 ms–2.
Draw its
(a) Position vs time graph (b) Velocity vs time graph (c) acceleration vs time graph

acceleration vs time graph
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET


acceleration vs time graph   velocity vs time graph Position vs time graph

(v) A particle starts from x = 0 and initial speed 10 ms–1 and moves with constant speed 10ms–1 for 20 sec. and then retarding uniformly comes to rest in next 10 seconds.
acceleration vs time graph
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

(V) Conversion of velocity v/s time graph to speed v/s time graph.

As we know that magnitude of velocity represent speed therefore whenever velocity goes 

–ve take its mirror image about time axis.
 (VI) Conversion of displacement vs time graph to distance vs time graph   For distance time graph just make the mirror image of the displacement time graph from point of zero velocity onwards.

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

(VII) Conversion of v - t graphs in to x-t and a-t graphs
(i) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
(ii) Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

(iii)  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEETGraphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

(iv) x – t graph
From t = 0 to t = t1 acceleration = 0 therefore 
from t = 0 to t = t1, x - t graph will be a straight line.
From t = t1 to t2 acceleration is negative 

∴ It will be an opening downward parabola  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET 

 

(v) upto t = t1 acceleration is +ve
t1 < t < tacceleration is zero.
t > t2 acceleration is –ve 
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
x - t graph
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
Some important points : 

  • Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

 ⇒ Δv = area under the a - t curve 

  • Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

⇒ Δx = area under the v - t curve

⇒ displacement = area under the v - t curve

Ex-26 If at t = 0 u = 5 ms–1 then velocity at t = 10 sec 

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
= u + change in velocity
= 5 + area of the shaded part
= 5 + 10 × 5
= 55 ms–1

Ex-27 if at t = 0, u = 2 ms–2 find out it maximum velocity

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
Since whole motion is accelerating. Therefore velocity  will be max at the end of the motion which will be
  Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET 

Ex-28 if at t = 0, u = 4 ms–1 
Find out v at
t = 10 sec,  t = 20 sec & t = 30 sec.
Since for whole motion acceleration of the body is positive  
Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET  

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET

∵ x2 > x1
∴ At the end of the motion A is at a greater distance from the starting point then B

Ex-29 

Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET
 Conclusions :

(i) Both A & B starts their motion at same time t = 0 and from same point x = 0.
(ii) Both are moving away from the starting point.
(iii) A is moving with constant velocity while B starts its motion from rest and its velocity is increasing with time i.e. it has some positive acceleration.
(iv) Q At t = t1 the tangent on B's graph becomes parallel to the A's graphs 
∴ At t = t1 velocity of both A & B is same.
(v) For t < t1 velocity of A is greater than velocity of B. Therefore up to t = t1, separation between A & B increases with time.
(vi) For t > t1 velocity of B is greater than velocity of A. Therefore after t = t1 separation between A & B starts decreasing and it becomes zero at t = t2 where B overtakes A.

The document Graphs | Physics Class 11 - NEET is a part of the NEET Course Physics Class 11.
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FAQs on Graphs - Physics Class 11 - NEET

1. What are graphs in mathematics?
Ans. In mathematics, graphs are visual representations of data that consist of nodes (also known as vertices) and edges (also known as arcs or lines) connecting these nodes. They are used to depict relationships between different elements or entities.
2. How are graphs used in real-world applications?
Ans. Graphs have numerous applications in various fields such as computer science, social networks, transportation, and biology. They can be used to model and analyze complex systems, optimize routes and networks, understand social connections, and study biological networks like protein interactions.
3. What are the different types of graphs?
Ans. There are several types of graphs, each serving a specific purpose. Some common types include: - Bar Graphs: Used to compare different categories or groups. - Line Graphs: Used to show trends or changes over time. - Pie Charts: Used to represent proportions or percentages. - Scatter Plots: Used to show the relationship between two variables. - Network Graphs: Used to visualize the connections between nodes.
4. How do you interpret a graph?
Ans. To interpret a graph, one should analyze its key components such as axes, labels, and units. It is essential to understand the variables being represented and the scale used in the graph. Additionally, examining the shape, trends, and patterns within the graph can provide insights into the data and help draw conclusions or make predictions.
5. How can graphs help in data analysis?
Ans. Graphs are valuable tools for data analysis as they provide a visual representation of data, making it easier to identify patterns, trends, and outliers. They can help in understanding the distribution of data, comparing different datasets, and presenting complex information in a concise and understandable manner. Additionally, graphs facilitate the communication of findings and insights to others.
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